The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

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andself-representativepracticesincreased.²⁴Sincethebeginningofthe18thcen-
tury,themusicdetachmentsofmostEuropeanarmiesappropriatedelementsof
theirenemy’smarchingmusic.Ottomaninstrumentswereincludedandadapted
tooccidental tonality.Thedominatingelementsofthe so-called“Janissary
music”(Mehterhane)asthejinglesticksandthehorsetailswereunitedwith
theancientRomanaquilastandard,generatingtheJinglingJohnny(Schellen-
baum).IntheimperialGermanarmyafter 1871 ,theSchellenbaumwasevencrest-
edbyastylizedcrescentinmanyregiments,aclearreferencetoitsundeniable
origins.²⁵
TheapplicationofEuropeanmilitaryknowledgehadbecomeanecessityfor
theOttomanstatebytheendofthe 18 thcentury.Duringthe‘LongFrenchcentury
inOttomanmilitaryreforms’(1 735 – 1880),theOttomanswentthrougha“do-or-
die-moment”²⁶thatcouldonlybeimpededbymilitaryreforms,inthiscase,by
theemploymentofEuropeaninstructors.


The‘LongFrenchCentury’,1 730 – 1882


Bymeansofmilitaryreforms,thegovernmentwantedtopreventfurtherdefeats
onthebattlefieldandstrengthenthecentralpower.Inthecourseofthe 19 thcen-
tury,thelattergainedimportanceagainstthevariousindependencemovements
thatemergedintheOttomanperiphery.Onewaytofacilitatethemodernization
wastoemployEuropeaninstructors.Frenchadvisorsespeciallywereveryactive
invariousOttomanmilitaryinstitutions.TheFrenchmilitarymissionreachedits
peakinthedecadebeforeandaftertheFrenchRevolution.Thestrengtheningof


Cf.Sturmberger,“DasProblemderVorbildhaftigkeit,” 20 5;MathieuLepetit,“DieTürkenvor
Wien,”inDeutscheErinnerungsorte,ed.EtienneFrançoisetal.vol.1.(Munich:C.H.Beck, 20 01),
402 – 403 .FortheappropriationofinventedOttomanJanissariesinGermanpalaceceremonies
seeHolgerSchuckelt“ʻFolgetDasTürckischeSerail’:DasWachsfigurenkabinettAugustsdes
Starken,KammertürkenundTürkenkammeramDresdnerHof,”inEineguteFigurmachen:Kos-
tümundFestamDresdnerHof,ed.ClaudiaSchnitzeretal.(Amsterdam,Dresden:Verlagder
Kunst,2000), 83.
HeinzBusch,VomArmeemarschzumGroßenZapfenstreich:EinLexikonzurGeschichteder
deutschenMilitärmusik(Bonn:DerKurier,2005), 87 ,1 63 ;Transfeldt,WortundBrauchinHeer
undFlotte,3 15 – 318.FortheBavarianarmyseeAndreasMasel,“ZurGeschichtederHarmonie-
undderTürkischenMusikimbayerischenHeerbiszumJahr 1826 ,”MitklingendemSpiel:Mili-
tärmusikeinstundjetzt 13 (1990), 185 – 21 7.
VirginiaH.Aksan,OttomanWars:AnEmpireBesieged, 1700 – 1870 (NewYork:Longman/
Pearson, 2007 ),7.


6 1Introduction

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