andhostilityandregardedthemselvesasformingacastleguardtowatchovertheirmas-
ter’sunrulysubjectsandseetoitthattheydidtheirduty.”⁸ItwillbetoshowinthisstudythatmostofthosefeaturestookrootintheOtto-
manmilitaryculture,andweretoformthefundamentoftheRepublicanmilita-
ry’sself-perception.ItwasmainlyduetothepoliticalchangesintheOttoman
politicallandscapeafter 1908 thattheGermanmilitaryknowledgecouldspread
andgainacceptanceinthearmyandsociety.Tobetterunderstandthesedevel-
opments,thefollowingsectionwillprovideacomparativelookattheGerman
militarymissioninChileatthesametime.
GermanInstructorsandtheirGlobalActivities
ManifoldfeaturesoftheGermanmilitarymindweretakenoverbytheOttoman
andlatertheTurkisharmedforcesbetween 1908 and 19 38.Thisdidnotonlyre-
latetothemilitaryprofessionalone,butalsototheroleofthearmedforceswith-
insociety.TheGermanmilitarymissionstoSouthAmericahadleftasimilarim-
pact.AtaboutthesametimewhentheGermanmissionbeganitsworkinthe
OttomanEmpire,GermanofficerswerealsosenttoseveralLatinAmericancap-
italstoassistinthemodernizationofthelocalarmedforcesandtobindthose
countriestotheinterestsoftheGermanforeignpolicyinthisregion.⁹Asin
thecaseoftheOttomanEmpire,thePrussianmilitarysystemwasheldinhigh
esteem afterthe unification wars.Germanyhadremainedneutraltowards
ChileintheWarofthePacific(asintheRussian-OttomanWar),andaFrench
missioninneighboringPeru(likeinGreece)underlinedtheneedforGermanad-
visorsfortheownarmedforces.However,asintheOttomancase,theChilean
militaryleadershipdidnotimportaʻsuperior’militarysystem,butrathercare-
fullyappropriatedselectedfeaturesoftheGermanwarfaresystem.¹⁰IntheOtto-
manandtheLatinAmericanforces,itwasafairassumptionthat“[t]hesame
GordonA.Craig,ThePoliticsofthePrussianArmy 1640 – 1945 ,2nded.(NewYork:OxfordUni-
versityPress,1964), 25 2.
Cf.:WarrenSchiff,“TheInfluenceoftheGermanarmedforcesandwarindustryonArgentina,
1880 – 191 4,”TheHispanicAmericanHistoricalReview 52 – 3( 19 72), 436 – 45 5;BrianLoveman,For
laPatria:PoliticsandtheArmedForcesinLatinAmerica(Wilmington:SRBooks,1999),68, 78.
StefanRinke,“EinePickelhaubemachtnochkeinenPreußen.Preußisch-deutscheMilitär-
berater,ʻMilitärethosʼundModernisierunginChile, 1886 – 1973 ,”inPreussenundLateinamerika:
ImSpannungsfeldvonKommerz,MachtundKultur,ed.SandraCarrerasetal.(Münster:Lit,
20 04), 261 – 26 4.
GermanInstructorsandtheirGlobalActivities 29