paignsaswellastheneedofcombinedarmswarfarebetweenthearmy,navy
andthenascentairforce,wereestablished.However,mostofthoseconsidera-
tionsbasedontheexperienceontheOttomanbattlefieldsweregenerallynot
transferabletotheCentralEuropeanfronts.¹⁶²
IntheOttomanstatethedramaticterritoriallossesoftheBalkanWarspaved
thewayforthefullimplementationofColmarvonderGoltz’conceptofthe‘na-
tioninarms’.Inaddition,theideaofapre-militaryeducationofmaleyouth
gainedgroundandwastobecomeanintensefieldofGerman-Ottoman/Turkish
cooperationforthenextdecades.¹⁶³AsfortheGermandiplomacyandmilitary,
theneedtosendamilitarymissiontotheOttomanEmpirehadbecomeevident.
Timewaspressingsincetherewerealsoothercompetitorsinthefield.
TheFrenchversustheGermanWayofWar,1 908 – 1914
LikeinthecivilspherealsointheOttomanmilitarytheFrenchlanguagedomi-
natedthescene.TheGermanofficersservingintheOttomanarmyhadtoresort
totheirmarginalknowledgeoftheFrenchlanguageorrelyonaninterpreter.¹⁶⁴
TheGermaninstructorswerealsoawareofthestrongFrancophilefollowers
amongtheYoungTurkmovement.ColmarvonderGoltzstatedin 1910 :
“TheidealoftheyoungTurkishBeysaretheboulevardsofParis.[...]Theirspiritisnurtured
bybooksofFrenchoriginortranslatedintoFrench,theirphantasyisnurturedbyFrench
novels.Themoreseriousfraction,whoisrepresentedmostlyinthearmedforces,has
turnedtotheGermanculture,buttheyareaminority.”¹⁶⁵OttomanofficersalsoreceivedtrainingintheFrencharmy,whichwasathornin
thesideoftheGermanministryofwar.TheGermanmilitaryattachéputthe
mindofhisBerlinsuperiorsatease.Strempelvalued theOttoman officers
Pöhlmann,“BetweenManchuriaandtheMarne,” 22 9.
EyalGinio,TheOttomanCultureofDefeat:TheBalkanWarsandtheirAftermath(London:
Hurst&Company, 20 16), 17 3.
KlausKreiser,“LeRôledelaLangueFrançaiseenTurquieetlaPolitiqueCulturelleAlle-
mandeauDébutduXXeSiècle,”inL’EmpireOttoman,laRépubliquedeTurquieetlaFrance:
Contributionsàl’OccassionduQuatre-CentCinquantièmeAnniversairedesPremièresRelations
PermanentesentrelaFranceetlaTurquie,ed.HamitBatuandJean-LouisBacqué-Grammont
(Paris,Istanbul:IsisPress,1986), 411 – 41 2.
ColmarvonderGoltz,“BerichtdesGeneraloberstFreiherrnvonderGoltzüberseinenAu-
fenthaltinderTürkeiimOktoberundNovember 1910 ,” 18 December 1910 ,9etseq.BA-MAN7 37 /
31,Nr.62.
64 2ThePeakofKnowledgeTransfer