568 Bibliographic EssayVölkerrecht, 132– 41. On the seminal contribution of Augustine to just war thought,
see Richard Shelley Hartigan, “Saint Augustine on War and Killing: Th e Problem of
the Innocent,” 27 J. Hist. Ideas 195– 204 (1966); and Paul Ramsey, “Th e Just War Ac-
cording to St Augustine,” in Jean Bethke Elshtain (ed.), Just War Th eory, 8– 22 (Basil
Blackwell, 1992). Also on the formative period of just- war doctrine is Dominique
Bauer, “Ivo of Chartres, the Gregorian Reform and the Formation of the Just War
Doctrine,” 7 JHIL 43– 54 (2005). On preventive war, see Gregory M. Reichberg, “Pre-
ventive War in Classical Just War Th eory,” 9 JHIL 5– 34 (2007). For a thorough explo-
ration of medieval peacemaking, see Jenny Benham, Peacemaking in the Middle Ages:
Principles and Practice (Manchester University Press, 2011). On medieval arbitral
practice, see Wilhelm G. Grewe, Th e Epochs of International Law (trans. by Michael
Byers; Walter de Gruyter, 2000), 93– 104.
On claims of the Holy Roman emperors to universal sovereignty, see Kenneth Pen-
nington, Th e Prince and the Law, 1200– 1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western
Legal Tradition (University of California Press, 1993), 8– 37. On papal claims to vari-
ous rights and powers over secular rulers, see J. A. Watt, “Spiritual and Temporal
Powers,” in J. H. Burns (ed.), Th e Cambridge History of Po liti cal Th ought c.350– c.1450,
367– 423 (Cambridge University Press, 1988); and I. S. Robinson, “Church and Pa-
pacy,” in that same work, 252– 305. See also Walter Ullmann, A History of Po liti cal
Th ought in the Middle Ages (Penguin, 1965), 100– 115.
Th e standard account of the ius commune is Manlio Bellomo, Th e Common Legal
Past of Eu rope, 1000– 1800 (trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane; Catholic University of Amer-
ica Press, 1995), 55– 77, 112– 202. See also O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus, and W. M.
Gordon, Eu ro pe an Legal History: Sources and Institutions (3rd ed.; Butterworths,
2000), 107– 24. On the contribution of canon law to the development of international
law, see Dominique Bauer, “Th e Importance of Medieval Canon Law and the Scholas-
tic Tradition for the Emergence of the Early Modern International Legal Order,” in
Randall Lesaff er (ed.), Peace Treaties and International Law in Eu ro pe an History:
From the Late Middle Ages to World War One, 198– 221 (Cambridge University Press,
2004); Randall Lesaff er, “Th e Medieval Canon Law of Contract and Early Modern
Treaty Law,” 2 JHIL 178– 98 (2000); and James Muldoon, “Th e Contribution of the
Medieval Canon- Lawyers to the Formation of International Law,” 28 Traditio 483– 97
(1972). On canon law in general, an excellent survey is James A. Brundage, Medieval
Canon Law (Longman, 1995), especially 98– 119, where public- law issues are treated.
See also Robinson, Fergus, and Gordon, E u r o p e a n L e g a l H i s t o r y , 72– 90.
For a fi ne survey of the Italian communal movement, see Lauro Martines, Power
and Imagination: City- States in Re nais sance Italy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979),
1– 21. See also J. K. Hyde, Society and Politics in Medieval Italy: Th e Evolution of the
Civil Life, 1000– 1350 (Macmillan, 1973), 38– 64, focusing on the formative period.
Th ere are some useful writings on the contributions of various individual thinkers
to international legal thought. On Aquinas, see Alexander Passerin D’Entrèves, Th e
Medieval Contribution to Po liti cal Th ought (Oxford University Press, 1939), 19– 43. On