Bibliographic Essay 569
Dante, see Andreas Osiander, Before the State: Systemic Po liti cal Change in the West
from the Greeks to the French Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2007), 312– 24;
Ullmann, History, 189– 95; and John B. Morrall, Po liti cal Th ought in Medieval Times
(2nd ed.; Hutchinson, 1960), 95– 103. On Bartolus of Sassoferrato, see Cecil N. Sidney
Wool f, Bartolus of Sassoferrato: His Position in the History of Medieval Po liti cal
Th ought (Cambridge University Press, 1913). On Baldus of Ubaldis, see J. P. Canning,
Th e Po liti cal Th ought of Baldus de Ubaldis (Cambridge University Press, 1987). On
Marsilius of Padua, see the fi ne discussion in D’Entrèves, Medieval Contribution, 44–
- Also on Marsilius, see Hyde, Society and Politics, 186– 96; Morrall, Po liti cal
Th ought, 104– 18; and Ullmann, History, 204– 14.
On the laws of war, M. H. Keen, Th e Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (Routledge
and Kegan Paul, 1965) remains the leading work. On ransom practice in par tic u lar, see
Philippe Contamine, “Th e Growth of State Control. Practices of War 1300– 1800: Ran-
som and Booty,” in Philippe Contamine (ed.), War and Competition between States, 163–
93 (Clarendon Press, 2000), especially 164– 72. On the genesis of prize law in maritime
war, R. G. Marsden, “Early Prize Jurisdiction and Prize Law in En gland,” 24 En glish
Historical Review 675– 97 (1909) remains valuable. Also on maritime war, see D. A. Gar-
diner, “Belligerent Rights on the High Seas in the Fourteenth Century,” 48 LQR 521– 46.
On the medieval law merchant, see Emily Kadens, “Order within Law, Variety
within Custom: Th e Character of the Medieval Merchant Law,” 5 Chicago J. Int’l L.
39– 65 (2004); Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: Th e Formation of the Western
Legal Tradition (Harvard University Press, 1983), 339– 56; and Robinson, Fergus, and
Gordon, E u r o p e a n L e g a l H i s t o r y , 91– 106. See also Johnston, Historical Foundations,
296– 308. For medieval developments in the law of the sea, see Percy Th omas Fenn Jr.,
“Origins of the Th eory of Territorial Waters,” 20 AJIL 465– 82 (1926).
- New Worlds and Th eir Challenges
Islamic approaches to international law are not so liberally written on as might be
supposed. Useful starts may be made, though, by consulting Jean Allain, “Accultura-
tion through the Middle Ages: Th e Islamic Law of Nations and Its Place in the History
of International Law,” in Alexander Orakhelashvili (ed.), Research Handbook on the
Th eory and History of International Law, 394– 407 (Edward Elgar, 2011); Fatiha Sahli
and Abdelmalek El Ouazzani, “Africa North of the Sahara and Arab Countries,” in
Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters (eds.), Th e Oxford Handbook of the History of In-
ternational Law, 385– 406 (Oxford University Press, 2012); and Dominque Gaurier,
Histoire du droit international: Auteurs, doctrines et développement de l’Antiquité à
l’aube de la période contemporaine (Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2005), 133– 42.
Especially useful is the introduction to Majid Khadduri (ed. and trans.), Th e Islamic
Law of Nations: Shaybani’s Siyar (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), 1– 70. Chris-
toph A. Stumpf, “Christian and Islamic Traditions of Public International Law,” 7
JHIL 69– 80 (2005) is a very brief overview but ser viceable as an introduction.
