Bibliographic Essay 585
Concept of International Legal Personality: An Inquiry into the History and Th eory of
International Law (T. M. C. Asser Press, 2004), 208– 16. Álvarez was the subject of
several articles in vol. 19 of the Leiden Journal of International Law, including Liliana
Obregón, “Noted for Dissent: Th e International Life of Alejandro Álvarez,” 19 Leiden
J. Int’l L. 983– 1016 (2006). For Álvarez as a champion of the idea of a distinctively
American (i.e., Western Hemispheric) international law, see Carl Landauer, “A Latin
American in Paris: Alejandro Álvarez’s Le droit international américain,” 19 Leiden J.
Int’l L. 957– 81 (2006); and Jorge L. Esquirol, “Alejandro Álvarez’s Latin American
Law: A Question of Identity,” 19 Leiden J. Int’l L. 931– 56 (2006).
- In Full Flower
On the globalization of international law in the nineteenth century, see Douglas M.
Johnston, Th e Historical Foundations of World Order: Th e Tower and the Arena (Mar-
tinus Nijhoff , 2008), 507– 687. See also Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds.), Th e Ex-
pansion of International Society (Clarendon Press, 1984); and Antonio Truyol y Serra,
“L’expansion de la société internationale aux XIXe et XXe siècles,” 116 RdC 89– 179
(1965). Regarding the concept of civilized and uncivilized states, see Slim Laghmani,
Histoire du droit des gens du jus gentium au jus publicum europaeum (Pedone, 2004),
185– 205; Gerritt W. Gong, Th e Standard of ‘Civilisation’ in International Society
(Clarendon Press, 1984); Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of
International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 52– 65; and Liliana Obregón
Ta r a z ona , “ Th e Civilized and the Uncivilized,” in Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters
(ed s.), Th e Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law, 917– 39 (Ox ford Uni-
versity Press, 2012).
Legal aspects of nineteenth- century imperialism are remarkably understudied. For
the best available modern surveys, see Anghie, Imperialism, 65– 97; and Johnston,
Historical Foundations, 549– 611. See also A. P. Th ornton, Doctrines of Imperialism
(John Wiley and Sons, 1965). Brett Bowden, Th e Empire of Civilization: Th e Evolution
of an Imperial Idea (University of Chicago Press, 2009) gives some attention to inter-
national legal writing. For a classic work on the subject that is still very useful, see M.
F. Lind ley, Th e Acquisition and Government of Backward Territory in International
Law: Being a Treatise on the Law and Practice Relating to Colonial Expansion (Long-
mans, Green, 1926). On imperialism in Africa, see Hedley Bull, “Eu ro pe an States and
African Po liti cal Communities,” in Bull and Watson (eds.), Expansion of Interna-
tional Society, 99– 114. On “quasi- sovereignty” generally, see Lauren Benton, A Search
for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in Eu ro pe an Empires 1400– 1900 (Ca mbridge Uni-
versity Press, 2010), 236– 50. A source of much information is Edwin De Witt Dickin-
son, Th e Equality of States in International Law (Harvard University Press, 1920), who
discusses protected states (240– 47) and suzerainty (236– 40), with many examples
provided. On protectorates, see also James Crawford, Th e Creation of States in Inter-
national Law (2nd ed.; Clarendon Press, 2006), 286– 320; and Anghie, Imperialism,
