Index 607
Community, international, 211, 299– 300,
373, 399, 407, 423; collective will of, 230,
253, 379– 380; positivist criticism of,
238– 239, 249, 417– 418, 470– 471;
mainstream positivist view of, 249– 251;
solidarist view of, 261, 285, 292– 297,
296, 378, 425, 426, 427, 452, 453– 454,
457; membership of, 299– 300, 310– 312;
F. F. Martens on, 309; and neutrality,
394; socialist criticism of, 420; peremp-
tory norms and, 432; Th ird World and,
432– 434; and universal jurisdiction,
- See also Barbarian states; Civilized
states; Common juridical conscience;
Community, human; Constitutionalism;
Equality of states, principle of;
Humanitarian intervention; In e qual ity
of states; Legislation, international;
Natural law; Natural sociability,
principle of; Opinio juris; Peremptory
norms; Quasi- sovereignty; Savage states;
Solidarism; Stoics and stoicism; World
government
Comte, Auguste, 222– 223, 227– 228, 256,
275– 276, 286, 314, 371, 458
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 193
Conduct of war. See War, conduct of
Confucianism, 21– 23, 39– 40
Confucius, 18. See also Confucianism
Congo, 442, 450, 470, 477
Conquest. See Title to territory, legal
bases of
Consolato del Mare, 81, 202–203
Constance, Council of, 104– 105
Constance, Peace of, 76
Constitutionalism, 453– 458, 460, 466;
Scelle and, 376– 377; Quadri and, 426;
criticism of, 460
Consular jurisdiction, 316, 323. See also
Extraterritoriality
Continental Shelf, 413, 440– 441
Contraband of war, 191– 192, 197– 198,
211– 212, 323, 327, 328
Contract- treaties, 232– 234, 384. See also
Common- will variant of positivism;
Law- treaties; Treaties (general):
contractual character of
Contractual character: of ius gentium, 156;
of the voluntary law of nations, 161; of
customary international law, 185, 194,
200, 232, 247– 248, 417– 418. See also
Customary international law: legislative
view of; Treaties (general): contractual
character of
Conventions. See Treaties, multilateral
Cortés, Hernán, 114, 117
Costa Rica, 275, 325, 333, 447
Council of Eu rope, 471
Council of the Indies, 114, 115, 123
Court of Arbitral Justice, proposed,
332– 333, 354
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 34
Crawford, James, 414
Crimes against humanity: in World War I,
350; and Nuremberg Trials, 397, 398;
International Law Commission on, 402;
and Yugo slavia Crimes Tribunal, 440,
448– 449, 464; legal defi nition of,
448– 449; and International Criminal
Court, 450, 478; and Rwanda Crimes
Tribunal, 464; and universal jurisdic-
tion, 470. See also Genocide
Crimes against the peace, 397, 398, 470.
See also Aggression: as an international
crime
Critical legal studies, 458– 461, 463
Croatia, 445
Crossbows. See Weapons , proh ibited
Crusades: in the Holy Land, 55, 102, 106;
in Spain, 100, 113; in the Canary Islands,
103; in northeastern Eu rope, 103– 105.
See also Dilatatio theory; Just- war
doctrine, medieval; Muslim and
Christian states, relations between
Cuba, 326, 347, 407
Customary international law, 181, 184, 186,
226, 249– 250, 263, 266, 267, 273– 274,
310, 337, 382, 410, 418– 419, 432;
contractual view of, 185, 194, 200, 232,
247– 248, 417– 418; relation to treaties,
193, 200, 440– 441; as the primary basis
of international law, 230– 231, 236, 416;
contrast to usage, 231; mainstream
positivist view of, 252– 253; legislative
