244 notes to pages 127–128
- Abou El Fadl, “Muslim Minorities,” 143 : “The reaction of different jurists
reflected a dynamic process by which doctrinal sources, legal precedents, juristic
methodologies and historical reality interacted to produce results.” See also Wael
Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic Law. - Ibn Rushd al- Jadd, al- Bayān, III: 42 , translation adapted from Hendrick-
son, “The Islamic Obligation to Emigrate,” 366 n 105. Cf. Jean- Pierre Molénat, “Le
problème de la permanence des musulmans dans les territories conquis par les
chrétiens, du point de vue de la loi islamique,” Arabica 48 , no. 3 ( 2001 ): 397 , 399. - Ibn Rushd al- Jadd, al- Bayān, III: 10 – 11. See also Fernández Félix and Fi-
erro, “Cristianos y conversos,” 421 – 22. - Ibn Rushd al- Jadd, al- Bayān, IV: 86 – 87 , 208 – 9 ; cf. IV: 293 – 94 , 375 – 77 ;
and X: 21 – 22 , as cited in Fernández Félix and Fierro, “Christianos y conversos,”
420 – 21. On Islamic legal opinions concerning the participation of non- Muslims in
Muslim armies, see Wadad al- Qadi, “Non- Muslims in the Muslim Army in Early
Islam: A Case Study in the Dialogue of the Sources,” in Orientalism: A Dialogue of
Cultures, ed. Sami A. Khasawnih, 109 – 59 , cit. 116 : “Suffice it to say, that a reading
of the legal, theoretical compendia of the early Muslim jurists leaves no room for
doubt that the vast majority of them considered the participation of non- Muslims
in the Muslim army as licit, and all of them admitted that it was widely practiced
from the earliest time and through the conquests.” - Al- Wansharīsī, al- Mi‘yār, III: 133 – 34. See also Abdel Majid Turki, “Con-
sultation juridique d’al- Imam al- Māzarī sur le cas des musulmans vivant en Si-
cile sous l’autorité des Normands,” Mélanges de l’Université Saint- Joseph 50 , no. 2
( 1984 ): 703 – 4 ; and Abou El Fadl, “Muslim Minorities,” 151. Another Mālikī ju-
rist, ‘Ubaydallāh al- Maghrāwī al- Wahrānī, issued a fatwa in 909 – 10 / 1504 advising
Granadans to practice their religion in secrecy. See Harvey, Islamic Spain, 55 – 67. - Ḥanafī scholars generally held that the duty to emigrate to Muslim territory
was abrogated during the lifetime of Muḥammad. See, for instance, Muḥammad
b. al- Ḥasan al- Shaybānī, The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybānī’s Siyar, trans. Majid
Khadduri, 187 , as cited in Abou El Fadl, “Muslim Minorities,” 145. - Abou El Fadl, “Muslim Minorities,” 159 – 63. The claim was made, for exam-
ple, by al- Māwardī (d. 450 / 1058 ), as cited in Muḥyī al- Dīn al- Nawawī, al- Majmū‘
sharḥ al- muhadhdhab, XIX: 264 , as cited in Abou El Fadl, “Muslim Minorities,” - See also the case of Shams al- Dīn al- Ramlī (d. 1004 / 1595 – 96 ), who defended
the right specifically of the Muslims of Aragon to remain in Christian Spain. - Abū al- ‘Abbās Shihāb al- Dīn Ibn Ḥajar al- Haytamī, Fatḥ al- jawād sharḥ
al- irshād, II: 346 , as cited in Abou El Fadl, “Muslim Minorities,” 167. - van Koningsveld and Wiegers, “Islamic Statute,” 35 – 49.
- Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthro-
pology, 170 : “Between the skeletonization of fact so as to narrow moral issues to
the point where determinate rules can be employed to decide them (to my mind,
the defining feature of legal process) and the schematization of social action so