318 INDEXdefensor civitatis, 196–97 Goodman, Martin, 94–95, 187
democratization, 12–14, 215 Gospels, 92; of Mark, 93; of Matthew, 93; syn-
demons, 77, 78, 79, 85.See alsoangels agogues in, 223
Deuteronomic history, 29, 31, 65, 83 Great Revolt, 61, 87, 225; number of casual-
Deuteronomic theology, 29, 75, 217 ties in, 108
diaspora, 45, 200; Herod’s relations with, 46, Greek cities, 26–7, 28, 32, 109, 111; Hasmo-
47; patriarchal relations with, 104, 114, nean treatment of, 38; rabbis in, 124; rela-
117, 118, 119, 125–28; pilgrimage from, tions with Herod of, 44, 46; restoration by
95; revolt in, 114; status of Torah in, 73– Pompey of, 43
74; synagogues in, 126, 221–22, 241
Diocaesarea.SeeSepphoris Hadrian, 133, 141; cult of, 140, 143, 147, 159
Diospolis. See Lydda Hamat Gader, 174, 206
Domitian, 109, 187–88 Hamat Tiberias. See Tiberias
dualism, 30, 49, 78, 79 Hasmoneans, 33, 34, 56, 58; civil war of, 42–
44; construction in Jerusalem by, 47;
Ecclesiastes.SeeKoheleth priestly origins of, 33; territorial expansion
Edomites. See Idumaeans of, 36, 51–52, 95
Egypt, 24, 26, 31, 38, 51, 111, 126, 193, 200; hazanim, 117, 231
status of Torah in, 74; synagogues in, 216– Hecataeus of Abdera, 94–95
(^21) Hekhalot, 84, 85, 180, 258
Elephantine, 50, 55, 217 hellenization, 1, 12–14, 22–25, 133
En Geddi, 261–63, 278 Herod, 34, 39, 41, 43–48, 51, 58, 87, 88, 106;
Enoch, First Book of, 10, 30, 31, 75, 76, 77, relations with diaspora of, 114
79, 80 Herod Antipas, 48, 73
epigrams, funerary, 152–53, 157–58, 159 Herod Philip, 48, 72
epigraphic culture, 281–83 Honorius, 117, 127
Epiphanius, 116, 117, 118, 143, 205 Hyrcanus II, 42, 54
epispasm.Seecircumcision Hyrcanus son of Joseph.SeeTobiads
euergetism, 127, 160, 185, 203, 276, 284–87;
rural, 277
Essenes, 49, 58, 84, 92–98 iconoclasm; Christian, 260; Jewish, 259–60
Ezra, 20–21, 94 iconography; Christian, 244; Dionysiac, 144,
Ezra, Fourth Book of, 65, 82, 108–9 156–57, 159, 171; Jewish, 50, 134–36, 145,
148, 149–50, 154–57, 160, 243–63; pagan, 161
fiscus iudaicus, 109–10, 139, 187–88, 190. Idumaeans, 36, 39, 42, 46, 61, 67, 108, 200;
See alsotaxation circumcision among, 37; Hasmonean con-
friendship, 39, 42 quest of, 37, 51; status of Torah among, 72
incense, 256–57
gabbaim. See charity Ituraeans, 38, 42–43, 106
Galilee, 36, 39, 44, 61, 93, 108, 112, 130–32,
207; in Bar Kokhba Revolt, 110; devotion James brother of Jesus, 89, 91
to temple in, 52; Hasmonean conquest of, Jason the Oniad, 32, 55, 56
38; status of rabbis in, 113, 115; status of Jericho, 57, 287–88
Torah in, 71; synagogues in, 208, 223; Jerome, 118
upper, 124, 128 Jesus of Nazareth, 73, 89, 90–91
Gamaliel II, Rabban, 112, 167, 168–71 Job, 29, 31, 85
Gaza, 46, 186, 204, 206 John the Baptist, 86
Giddens, Anthony, 3–4 John Chrysostom, 182
God fearers, 201, 221 John of Gischala, 72
Goitein, Shelomo Dov, 7, 276 John Hyrcanus, 35, 36, 39, 40
Golan Heights, 108, 128, 130, 131 Jones, A. H. M., 141
Goodenough, Erwin R., 7–8, 133–36, 160, Joppa, 46, 130
247 Joseph son of Tobias.SeeTobiads