collapse of regime, 186–93
consolidation of power, 115–17
continued Soviet support, 169–71
coup attempt, 173
fracturing within resistance, 174–8
Geneva talks, 137
interparty rivalries, 172–4
Karmal return, 173
militias, 109–14, 170–1,
nationalism and, 171–2
National Reconciliation (policy),
120–5
political change, 114–20
post-Soviet withdrawal, 168–93
UN and transition, 180–6
US disengagement, 178–80
Najimi, Abdul Wasay, 237
Najmuddin, Commander, 113
Naqib, Mulla, 208, 266
Naqvi, Zareen F., 235
Nasr, S. V. R., 226
Nassery, Fahima, 100
National Commanders Shura, 191
National Reconciliation, 120–5
National Security Decision Directive
166, 80
NATO, 259
Nawid, Senzil K., 225
Neilan, Terence, 264
Newman, Edward, 134
NGOs, 83–4, 256–7
Niazi, Mulla Abdul Manan, 240
Nihad, 10, 66
Nixon, Richard, 33, 164
Noelle, Christine, 12, 82
Nojumi, Neamatollah, 195
Nolte, Georg, 78
Non-Aligned Movement, 20
Non-Governmental Organisations
seeNGOs
Noorani, Zain, 139
Noorzoy, M.S., 21
northeastern Afghanistan, 228
Northern Alliance, 229, 260
see alsoUnited Front
Nossal, Kim Richard, 79
Novichkova, I., 20
Nur, Nur Ahmad, 28
Nuristani, Abdul Qadir, 25O’Connor, Ronald W., 83
O’Donnell, Guillermo, 197, 278
Oakley, Robert, 151, 175, 179, 245
Odom, William E., 38, 40, 42, 55
Ogarkov, Nikolai, 38
OIC, 151
oil, 244–5
Okulov, V., 120
Olesen, Asta, 9, 63
Olson, Elizabeth, 278
Olson, Mancur, 278
Omar, Mulla Muhammad, 220, 223,
224, 236, 240, 241, 243, 254–5,
256, 257, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268
Operation Enduring Freedom, 262
see alsoWar on Terrorism
opium, 235–6
Organisation of Islamic Conference
seeOIC
Orywal, Erwin, 9
Ottaway, Marina, 280Paghman, 112
Pahlavan, Abdul Malik, 229, 230
Pahlavan, Rasul, 110, 209, 229
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Shah of Iran,
70
Pakistan,159, 254, 275, 281
Afghan resistance, 66–9, 72–6, 138–9
army, 72–4
General Zia, 69–71, 147–8
Geneva Accords, 136–9
ISI, 72–4, 150
Islamabad Accord, 199–200
Najibullah regime, 179, 189–90, 193
refugee host, 71–2, 154Index 333