See also Edward III; Philip IV the Fair
Further Reading
Cazelles, Raymond. La société politique et la crise de la royauté
sous Philippe de Valois. Paris: Argences, 1958.
Henneman, John Bell. Royal Taxation in Fourteenth Century
France: The Development of War Financing, 1322–1356.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971.
Viard, Jules. “La France sous Philippe VI de Valois.” Bibliothèque
de l’école des Chartes 59 (1896): 337–402.
——. “Itinéraire de Philippe de Valois.” Bibliothèque de l’école
des Chartes 74 (1913): 74–128,524–92; 84 (1923): 166–70.
John Bell Henneman, Jr.
PHILIP THE BOLD (1342–1404)
The fi rst of the Valois dukes of Burgundy, Philip the Bold
was the fourth son of King John II of France and Bonne
de Luxembourg. Born at Pontoise on January 17, 1342,
he fought beside his father at the age of fourteen and
was captured with him at the Battle of Poitiers (1356).
After he and the king secured release in 1360, he be-
came, duke of Touraine, but he surrendered this duchy
in 1363 when John II made him duke of Burgundy and
fi rst peer of France. In May 1364, the new king, Philip’s
brother Charles V, confi rmed these titles.
After complex diplomatic maneuvering, Philip be-
came an international fi gure with his marriage, in 1369,
to Marguerite, daughter of the count of Flanders and
heiress to fi ve counties in northern and eastern France.
The deaths of her grandmother (1382) and father (1384)
brought these lands to her and Philip, but they needed
military force to secure the most important of them,
Flanders, which had been in rebellion since 1379. Mar-
guerite also had a claim to the duchy of Brabant, and in
1385 she and Philip arranged the marriage of their son
and daughter to members of the Wittelsbach family that
ruled the counties of Hainaut, Holland, and Zeeland,
thereby laying the foundations for a Burgundian state
that eventually included most of the Low Countries.
Despite his expanding role in the Netherlands, Philip
was above all the most powerful French prince of his
generation. At the death of Charles V in 1380, he led a
coalition that ousted from the regency his older brother
Louis of Anjou, and he dominated the French govern-
ment for the next eight years. He played an active dip-
lomatic role in the Anglo-French war, the papal Schism,
and imperial politics, and he secured the services of
the French royal army to crush the Flemish rebels at
Roosebeke in 1382 and to intimidate his enemy the duke
of Guelders in 1388.
Philip supported his projects with vast sums drawn
from the receipts of the French crown, as did his brother,
John, duke of Berry. In the fall of 1388, Charles VI dis-
missed his uncles from the royal council at the urging
of a reforming coalition of royal offi cials and military
commanders, known as the Marmousets. Four years
later, Charles VI’s fi rst attack of mental illness enabled
the duke of Burgundy to regain his dominant position,
which he held for another decade before gradually losing
power at court to his nephew Louis of Orléns. He died
near Brussels on April 27, 1404.
Besides establishing Burgundian power in the Neth-
erlands, Philip the Bold began the tradition of lavish
support for the arts by the Burgundian dukes. He also
was the primary organizer of the abortive crusade of
1396 led by his eldest son, John, count of Nevers. His
great achievements were to a large degree accomplished
at the expense of the French taxpayers, but he gave his
native land nearly twenty years of statesmanlike, if
sometimes self-serving, leadership.
See also Charles V the Wise; Charles VIFurther Reading
Nieuwenhuysen, Andrée van. Les finances du duc deBour-
gogne Philippe le Hardi (1384–1404). Brussels: Éditions de
l’Université de Bruxelles, 1984.
Palmer, John J.N. England, France and Christendom, 1377–99.
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972.
Petit, Ernest. Ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois, I:
Philippe le Hardi. Paris: Champion, 1909.
Richard, Jean. Les ducs de Bourgogne et la formation du duché
Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1954.
Vaughan, Richard. Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgun-
dian State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.
John Bell Henneman, Jr.PHILIP THE CHANCELLOR
(ca. 1160/85–ca. 1236)
An infl uential theologian, a preacher of considerable
stature, and an accomplished poet, Philip was born
into ecclesiastical circles: he was the illegitimate son of
Archdeacon Philip of Paris and was related through his
father to Bishop Étienne of Noyon (d. 1211) and Bishop
Pierre of Paris (d. 1218), both of whom favored Philip’s
career. After studying theology and law, he appears in
the historical record no later than 1211 as archdeacon
of Noyon.
As chancellor of the University of Paris, a position
that he held from 1217, Philip had authority over the
fl edgling university. Philip’s chancellorship came in an
era of discontent and controversy, and in a combative
move early in his tenure (1219) he excommunicated the
masters and students—a move that Pope Honorius III or-
dered him to reverse. During the strike initiated in 1229,
Philip sided with the pope and the university against
William of Auvergne, bishop of Paris, and Blanche of
Castile, regent during Louis IX’s minority. The papal
bull Parens scientiarum of Gregory IX ended the uni-PHILIP THE CHANCELLOR