versity strike in 1231. Not long after Philip’s death,
Henri d’Andeli wrote a Dit du chancelier Philippe, in
which he is associated with jongleurs, chansons, and
vielle playing.
As a master of theology, Philip composed a treatise on
moral theology, the Summa de bono, that had consider-
able infl uence on the earliest generation of Franciscan
masters. It was organized into two main parts, De bono
naturae and De bono gratiae, with the latter subdivided
into three: gratia gratum faciens, gratia gratis data,
gratia virtutum (both theological and cardinal). Philip is
also credited with 723 sermons, which reveal a preacher
vigorously calling both the clergy and the laity to a just
and holy way of life.
Of the fi fty-eight monophonic conductus attributed
to Philip, at least twenty-one texts are confi rmed as his.
Angelus ad virginem was made famous by Chaucer: in
The Miller’s Tale, the scholarly but impoverished cleric
Nicholas sings it. Medieval sources ascribe nine poly-
phonic conductus to Philip, and among four possible
textings of conductus caudae at least Bullia fulminante
(and its contrafact Veste nuptiali) and Minor natu fi liu
defi nitely can be counted as his; Anima lugi lacrima and
Crucifi gat omnes (which has two contrafacts: Mundum
renovavit and Curritur ad vocem) are suspected of also
being his. He penned the four known tropes to Pérotin’s
two great organa quadrupla: Vide prophecie, Homo cum
mandato dato, De Stephani roseo sanguine, and Adesse
festina. Philip and Pérotin appear to have known one
another and may have collaborated. Since so many of
Philip’s texts were tropes or contrafacts for music that
already had been composed, it would seem that he was
not a composer himself. Although his defense of ac-
cumulating benefi ces earned him the displeasure of the
Dominicans, he remained a friend of the Franciscans
throughout his life and was buried in their church.
See also Blanche of Castile; Chaucer, Geoffrey;
Pérotin
Further Reading
Dreves, Guido Maria, ed. Lateinische Hymnendichter des Mit-
telalters. Leipzig: Reisland, 1907. Analecta hymnica medii
aevi. Vol. 50, pp. 528–32.
Paine, Thomas. Associa tecum in patria: A Newly Identifi ed
Organum Trope by Philip the Chancellor.” Journal of the
American Musicological Society 39 (1986): 233–54.
Principe, Walter H. The Theology of the Hypostatic Union in the
Early Thirteenth Century, IV: Philip the Chancellor’s Theol-
ogy of the Hypostatic Union. Toronto: Pontifi cal Institute of
Mediaeval Studies, 1975.
Steiner, Ruth. “Some Monophonic Songs Composed Around
1200.” Musical Quarterly 52 (1966): 56–70.
Wright, Craig. Music and Ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris
500 – 1550. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989,
pp. 249–99.
Wicki, Nikolaus. “La pecia dans la tradition manuscrite de la
Summa de bono de Philippe le Chancelier.” In The Editing of
Theological and Philosophical Texts from the Middle Ages,
ed. Monika Asztalos. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell,
1986, pp. 93–104.
Mark Zier/Sandra PinegarPHILIP THE GOOD (1396–1467)
Duke of Burgundy, 1419–67. The son and successor
of John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy and count of
Flanders, Philip was twenty-three years old when the
assassination of his father in 1419 made him the mighti-
est peer of France and the most important prince of the
Low Countries. His reign of forty-seven years brought
prosperity, prestige, and territorial expansion to his
lands. He guided the ill-fated Burgundian state to the
peak of its power, but its greatness, dependant on the
weakness of the French monarchy, dissipated after the
end of the Hundred Years’ War.
An astute diplomat and judicious in the use of force,
Philip sought to overcome ducal Burgundy’s status as
a French apanage by enmeshing it in an independent
polity in the territories between France and Germany.
The Treaty of Troyes (1420) allied him with Henry V
of England, secured his French holdings, and allowed
him to concentrate on the Low Countries. His second
(1422) and third (1430) marriages secured political allies
and territorial claims. Conquests of Holland (1425–33)
and Luxembourg (1443), and the peaceful acquisitions
of Namur (1420) and Brabant (1430) doubled the size
of his lands. Philip eventually sought the crown of a
restored Lotharingia from the emperor Frederick III in- His failure to obtain a crown had no immediate
political consequences, but it foreshadowed the doom of
the Burgundian polity, which remained an overextended
Franco-imperial principality in an age of emerging sov-
ereign states. Within France, Philip provided minimal
support for the government of Henry VI of England
and later realigned himself with Charles VII in 1435
(Treaty of Arras). Fearing a revitalized monarchy, Philip
abstained from the decisive campaigns of the Hundred
Years’ War and sheltered the fugitive dauphin after - The failure of such efforts became manifest when
his son, the future Charles the Bold, assumed control
of Burgundy in 1464 and launched the Guerre du bien
publique against Louis XI. Philip’s rule thus ended
as it began, with Valois France and Valois Burgundy
inextricably locked in mortal confl ict.
Philip’s most celebrated achievement was to make
chivalric culture an instrument of policy. The creation of
the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1430 provided a diplo-
matic tool linking the nobility of his disparate territories
and precluding their affi liation with any other prince.
Even such ostentatious festivals as the Pheasant Banquet
PHILIP THE CHANCELLOR