through clearly in his autobiography. Contains
valuable insights despite being a self-serving doc-
ument.
Clinton, Hillary Rodham.Living Histor y. New York:
Simon & Schuster, 2003. Hillary Clinton’s autobi-
ography, while not quite as engaging as her hus-
band’s, is still filled with valuable insights into the
scandals that rocked the Clinton administration.
Gergen, David.Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Lead-
ership: Nixon to Clinton. New York: Simon & Schus-
ter, 2000. A political adviser to a number of U.S.
presidents, Gergen combines his personal access
with penetrating analysis of Bill Clinton and the
politics and scandals of his era.
Maraniss, David.First in His Class: A Biography of
Bill Clinton. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Maraniss is a Pulitzer Prize-winningWashington
Postreporter who has written a biography analyz-
ing Clinton’s talents and flaws.
Morris, Dick.Behind the Oval Office: Winning the Presi-
dency in Nineties. New York: Random House, 1997.
As a pollster and political analyst for Clinton as
governor and as president, Morris was in Clin-
ton’s inner circle and acutely aware of many of
the details of the Clinton scandals, which he
shares in his critical but useful book.
Stephanopoulos, George.All Too Human: A Political
Education. Boston: Little, Brown, 1999. As a for-
mer White House aide, Stephanopoulos had ac-
cess to the Clinton inner circle, which he used to
paint a sincere but sometimes unflattering por-
trait of both Bill and Hillary Clinton.
Toobin, Jeffrey.A Vast Conspiracy: The Real Stor y of the
Sex Scandal That Nearly Brought Down a President.
New York: Random House, 1999. Toobin’s book
is well researched, analytical, ably written, and of-
fers fresh insights to the scandals associated with
the Clinton presidency.
Richard L. Wilson
See also Clinton, Bill; Clinton, Hillary Rodham;
Clinton’s impeachment; Clinton’s scandals; Culture
wars; Elections in the United States, 1996; Falwell,
Jerry; Gore, Al; Lewinsky scandal; Morris, Dick;
Reno, Janet; Right-wing conspiracy; Scandals; Starr
Report; Whitewater investigation.
Trump, Donald
Identification American entrepreneur and media
personality
Born June 14, 1946; New York, New York
Known for his flamboyant personality and accomplish-
ments, Trump survived the economic turmoil of the early
1990’s, becoming a major real estate developer and casino
operator.
The 1990’s were turbulent times for Donald Trump,
both economically and personally. Despite his swag-
ger and cunning at what he called “the art of the
deal,” his enterprises hovered constantly on the
edge of bankruptcy. Before the decade was over,
both his first and second marriages would collapse,
and he would lose his father, a mainstay of his life. Yet
he would make the Trump name a valuable trade-
mark and himself the most recognizable business-
man in the United States. His first wife, the glamor-
ous Czech-born Ivana, had referred to him in her
precarious English as “The Donald.” The moniker
caught on and was particularly appropriate to an in-
dividual who would become as much an institution
as a human being.
Trump’s business deals during the 1990’s in-
cluded his opening of the near-bankrupt Taj Mahal
casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and unprofitable
purchases of New York’s Plaza Hotel and a Dutch
shipyard. In the last years of the decade, he secured
capital to convert the Gulf and Western office build-
ing in New York into Trump International Hotel and
a tower condo-hotel. His last major project of the
period was his controversial design for a residential
skyscraper near the United Nations building. Unlike
his father, whose fortune derived from middle-class
housing, Trump sought to provide luxury resi-
dences. Starting the decade near bankruptcy, he
ended with a proclaimed worth of over one billion
dollars and had even acquired the Miss Universe Or-
ganization.
Trump, with his genius at self-promotion, fully
emerged as a personality of popular culture. The cal-
culated glitz of his lifestyle helped, along with his
publicized interests in sports, beauty pageants, air-
lines, and gilded residences. It also did not hurt his
reputation when second wife, Marla Maples, pub-
licly commended his sexual prowess.
Despite his frenetic schedule, Trump also man-
aged to become a best-selling author. The titles pub-870 Trump, Donald The Nineties in America