lished during the 1990’s reflect his preoccupations:
Trump: Surviving at the Top(1990),Trump: The Art of
Survival(1991), andTrump: The Art of the Comeback
(1997). Sharing his winning tactics with readers, he
advocated golf to clear the mind, a trust in intuition,
and a willingness to “swim against the tide” when
luck beckoned. Trump further expressed his agree-
ment with the ancient precept “An eye for an eye, a
tooth for a tooth”: Always get even, he counseled,
but try to be surrounded by likable people.
Impact Even in the often anonymous realm of high
finance, Trump demonstrated the magic of person-
ality and name. He established himself internation-
ally as a true American original, the hero as entre-
preneur and business mogul, a figure of both
amusement and envy.
Further Reading
Blair, Gwenda.The Trumps: Three Generations That
Built an Empire. New York: Simon & Schuster,
2000.
Slater, Robert.No Such Thing as Over-Exposure: Inside
the Life and Celebrity of Donald Trump. Upper Sad-
dle River, N.J.: Pearson Education, 2005.
Trump, Donald.Trump: The Art of the Comeback. New
York: Times Books, 1997.
Allene Phy-OlsenSee also Buffett, Warren; Business and the econ-
omy in the United States. TV Martí
Identification A television station created by the
U.S. government to provide news and current
affairs programming to Cuba
Date Began broadcasting on March 27, 1990
Place Miami, Florida
The Office of Cuba Broadcasting, which operates Radio
Martí and Television Martí (named for Cuban indepen-
dence leader José Martí), was created by the Radio Broad-
casting to Cuba Act of 1983 to focus on Cuban domestic
and international news and information that is not re-
ported by the government-controlled media in Cuba.
Prior to the 1980’s, the U.S. government tried its
hand unsuccessfully at broadcasting to Cuba but, in
1981, President Ronald Reagan declared that it was
his administration’s intention to establish a Radio
Free Cuba that was modeled on Radio Free Europe/
Radio Liberty. With the success of Radio Martí,
which began broadcasting in 1985, Congress re-
quested that the feasibility of a television service be
explored. TV Martí began broadcasting in the
spring of 1990. Almost since its first broadcast, the
Cuban government has continuously jammed its sig-
nals, especially those on medium wave, but that gov-
ernment’s most effective interference has been to
transmit alternate programs on the same AM fre-
quency used by Radio Martí.
With the International Broadcasting Act, signed
on April 30, 1994, Bill Clinton’s administration con-
solidated U.S. international broadcasting opera-
tions under an International Broadcasting Bureau
(IBB) and created a new Broadcasting Board of Gov-
ernors (BBG) with oversight authority over all civil-The Nineties in America TV Martí 871
Donald Trump poses with Marla Maples in 1992.(AP/Wide
World Photos)