index 305
violence against Genoese merchants
267
Bulghar see Bulgaria, Volga
Bürlük, brother of Toqta 176, 260–262
Burzenland 273
Byzantine empire see Byzantium
Byzantium 12n35, 14, 15, 35, 93, 94, 97,
159, 164, 165, 243, 248, 257, 263, 264–266,
269, 270, 275
attack by Berke 149, 245
conquest in 1204 by Crusaders 33
defending the Fertile Crescent 69
embassy to Cairo 90, 242
Mamluk treaty 154n41
shortage of grains and salted fish 214
Caesarea 71, 73n60, 117, 145
Caffa (= Theodosia, Feodosia) 35, 102,
109, 111, 113, 119, 132, 194, 195, 196, 239
attack by
Bulat 237
Toqta 103
autonomy 227, 229, 232n354, 237
citizenship 228
consul 185, 227, 234, 235n366
treaty with Toqtamïsh 231
declaration of independence 205
embassies to Toqtamïsh 235
expulsion of Genoese merchants by
Toqta 171, 263
extending walls 223
extraterritorial status 185, 205
foreigners paying rent 186
fortifications 164
Genoese
customs 228
settlement 154, 181
sovereignty 214, 227
hegemony in the Black Sea 217, 222
killing of Aqtaji 161
mercenaries for Toqtamïsh 240
Mongol
customs 157
agents 184
origins 155, 156, 162, 163
plague 211
political neutrality in Black Sea 159
possession of Gothia 228, 229
reconstruction under Özbek 182, 183,
204
return of Genoese merchants 104, 182
siege by
Ilbasar 164, 165
Janibek 201n237, 203, 204, 209, 212
staple right 205
strategic role 159
Tartar customs collector 228, 229
trade with Mongols 207, 208
treaties with Mongols 186, 212
Venetian
occupation 131n310
settlement 218
tax exemption 208
visit by Mamai 223
Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifelone,
Genoese chronicler 153n35
Cairo 16n48, 57, 75, 76, 202, 244, 263
conference of 1263 90–92, 97, 153,
241–243
see also Mamluk sultanate
Calamita 210n265
Calitra 220, 222
canluchi 227
Cape of Good Hope 15, 16
Carpena, Bernabò di, Genoese merchant
279n560
Carpathians 42, 43, 254, 256, 268, 272,
274, 276
Casimir III, King of Poland 218
Caspian Sea 47, 49, 102, 103, 113n229
Cataneo, Meliaduce, consul of Caffa
226n329
Caucasus 23, 29, 42, 49, 54, 58, 91, 96, 97,
100n173, 168, 169, 172, 192n200, 193, 200,
239, 247, 249, 250
mountains 103
Cazano, Pietro, consul of Caffa 235n366
Cembalo (= Balaklava) 31, 211, 215n282,
222, 228, 238
Census of the Mongol empire 9
Central Asia 18, 21, 22, 28, 34, 37, 41, 46,
47, 49n52, 52, 53, 69, 87, 100, 101, 102, 112,
128n300, 148, 149, 156, 240
Central europe 8, 248
Chaghathai, son of Chinggis Khan 42n23
heirs 52
Chaka, son of nogai 252, 254n441,
258–262, 269, 279n561
assasination 266
Charles I of Anjou, king of Hungary
271–276
invasion of Wallachia 277
Charles IV, king of France 11
Chartres, niccolò of, squire 117n248
Cherik Temür, kinsman of noghai’s
grandchild 262
Cherkez, Tartar governor of Crimea
226–228, 230–232