212Dagestanskoi assr,” Letter from M.S. Gadzhiev to A.A. Nurulaev, 8 April
1975, l.25.
17 Bennigsen and Broxup, The Islamic Threat to the Soviet State, 71–2.
18 garf, f. 6991, op. 6, 1975, d. 743, Letter from A. Nurullaev to M.S.
Gadzhiev, 18 February 1975, l. 21.
19 See Wixman, Language Aspects of Ethnic Patterns and Processes in the North
Caucasus, 21–30. Wixman suggests that the distinction in Soviet thinking
between a “narodnost” and a “natsional’nost› is a population of less
(narodnost’) or more than 300,000 people (natsional’nost’); see p. 23. Also
see Rogachev and Sverdlin, “O poniatii ’natsiia›; Dzhunusov, “Natsiia,
kak sotsial’no-etnicheskaia obshchnost’ liudei”; Kaltakhchian, “K vo-
prosu o poniatii ’natsiia›; Semenov, “Natsiia i natsional’naia gosu-
darstvennost’ v sssr”; Mnatsakanian, “Natsiia i natsional’naia
gosudarstvennost›; and the review of this discussion in Howard, “The
Definition of a Nation.”
20 Dzhunusov, “Natsiia, kak sotsial’no-etnicheskaia obshchnost’
liudei,” 23–9; Rogachev and Sverdlin, “O poniatii ‘natsiia,› 35–8,
citation from 38. On the impact of Soviet rule upon the nationalities, see
Slezkine, “The ussr as a Communal Apartment”; Suny, The Revenge
of the Past; Kappeler, La Russie, 316–18; and Suny, “Transcaucasia,”
- On a similar process among the Tadzhiks of what Suny calls
“cultural cohesion,” see Rakowska-Harmstone, Russia and Nationalism
in Central Asia, 76–9. Also see Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, 347–50;
and Bennigsen and Lemercier-Quelquejay, La presse et le mouvement
national chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, 278. On the efforts
of Soviet ethnographers to determine national identity based on
census materials, see Hirsch, “The Soviet Union as a Work-in-
Progress.”
21 garf, f. 9469, op. 1, 1960–67, d. 2, Delo “Perepiska s Sovetom Ministrov
sssr,” Design meeting, 1967, l. 416.
22 Daniialov, “Ot narodnosti k natsii”; M. Ikhilov, “Ot razdroblennosti – k
edinstvu,” Sovetskii Dagestan, no. 1 (1970):4–8.
23 Salmanov, “O protsesse natsional’noi konsolidatsii narodov Dagestana,” - For an example of the continuation of this debate into the post-Soviet
era, with accusations of “genocide” countered by others who emphasize
the relatively benevolent character of tsarist and Soviet policy, see
Avramenko, Matveev, and Matiushchenko, “Ob otsenke Kavkazskoi
voiny,” and other essays in Kavkazskaia voina, 36–43.
24 Volkova, Etnicheskii sostav naseleniia severnogo Kavkaza v xviii–nachale xx
veka, 223.
25 On the paradox of “nation-building” and “nation-destroying” policy and
thinking in Soviet history, see Martin, “The Origins of Soviet Ethnic
Cleansing.”
Notes to pages 156–8