Subject Index S-7in individual psychology (Adler), 103
in object relations theory, 168
in person-centered theory (Rogers), 320
in personal construct theory (Kelly), 592
in post-Freudian theory (Erikson), 225
in psychoanalytic social theory
(Horney), 194
in psychoanalytic theory (Freud), 68
in psychology of the individual (Allport),
379, 380
in social cognitive theory (Bandura), 525
phallic phase (Freud), 45–50, 49f
phantasies, 53, 147–148
phenomenology, 570–571
philia (May), 337–338
Philosophy of “As If,” The (Vaihinger), 79
philosophy, theory versus, 5–6
phobias, in social cognitive theory (Bandura),
516–517
phylogenetic endowment (Freud), 28–29,
47, 113
physical comfort needs, 538
physical inferiorities (Adler), 79–80, 86
physical mechanisms (Buss), 438–439
physical states, 508–509
physiological needs (Maslow), 262f, 263
placebo effect, 313
plasticity, 495
play age (Erikson), 203f, 208–209, 217t
play therapy, 162
pleasure principle (Freud), 32–33, 59–60,
174, 365
polygenic transmission (Buss), 449
Population Media Center, 523
positions (Klein), 148–150
positive freedom (Fromm), 238
positive psychology, 8, 284–286, 315
positive regard (Rogers), 300, 305–306,
308, 347
positive reinforcement, 470
positive self-regard (Rogers), 300, 347
possession, 177
post-Freudian theory (Erikson), 196–226
concept of humanity, 224–226
critique of Erikson, 223–224
ego, 200–203
methods of investigation, 218–220
overview, 197–198
related research, 221–223
stages of psychosocial development,
203–218, 217t, 221–223
Posttraumatic Growth
(Tedeschi & Calhoun), 317
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
54, 163
power, 177, 178, 233
Power and Innocence (May), 327
power of myth (May), 340–342
practicing, 157
preconscious (Freud), 28, 29–30, 31f, 32 f
predictive validity, 17
prejudice reduction, 372–375
prestige, 177, 178
primary censor, 28, 30
primary narcissism (Freud), 37, 156
primary process (Freud), 33
primary reinforcers, 472
privacy needs, 274
proactive behavior (Allport), 359–360,
364–365
problem-centering, 274
procreativity (Erikson), 214
progression (Jung), 121–122
progressive reinforcement (PR), 487
Project Pigeon (Skinner), 461–462concept of humanity, 320–321
critique of Rogers, 319–320
overview, 291–292
person of tomorrow, 309–311
psychotherapy, 291–292, 293,
303–309, 309t
related research, 315–319
self and self-actualization, 297–298
person of tomorrow (Rogers), 309–311
person-situation interaction, 551–552,
560–561
persona
defined, 3, 358
of Jung, 113–114
personal construct theory (Kelly), 567–594
applications, 581–586
concept of humanity, 592–593
critique of Kelly, 591–592
overview, 568
personal constructs, 571, 572–581, 586–591
psychotherapy, 583–586
related research, 586–591
personal constructs, 572–581, 586–591
basic postulate, 573–574
and the Big Five, 590–591
defined, 571
gender as personal construct, 586–587
internalized prejudice and, 588–589
Role Construct Repertory (Rep) test,
584–590
supporting corollaries, 574–581
personal dispositions (Allport), 361–363
Personal Orientation Inventory (POI),
280–281
personal standards, 512
personal structure analysis, 371
personal unconscious (Jung), 110, 111, 119f
personality
defining, 5, 358–359
measuring, 421
nature of, 3–4
as predictor, 422–424
Personality and Assessment (Mischel),
549–550
personality disorders, 241–243, 246–247
personality dynamics (Freud), 36–39
Personality in Adulthood
(McCrae & Costa), 388
personality theory, 2–17. See also specific
theories and theorists
biological-evolutionary theories, 8, 9t
concept of humanity and, 14–15
criteria for useful theory, 11–14
dispositional theories, 8, 9t
humanistic-existential theories, 8, 9t
learning-(social) cognitive theories, 8–9, 10t
need for different theories, 7
overview, 9–10t
perspectives in, 7–10
psychodynamic theories, 8, 9t
research in, 16–17
theorist personalities and, 10–11
theory, defined, 5
personality traits (Buss), 440–442
pessimism versus optimism
in behavioral analysis (Skinner), 491–492
in biological factor theory (Eysenck), 429
in cognitive social learning theory, 565
in concept of humanity, 15
in evolutionary theory (Buss), 454
in existential psychology (May), 351
in Five-Factor Theory, 405
in holistic-dynamic theory (Maslow), 288
in humanistic psychoanalysis (Fromm),
252–253object in, 147, 148
overview, 143–144
positions, 148–150
psychic defense mechanisms, 150–152
psychic life of the infant, 147–148
psychotherapy, 162
related research, 162–166
objective biography (McCrae & Costa), 396
oblique method, 386–387
observational learning, 498–500
obsession, 25
Oedipal phase of development, 34
Oedipus complex
in humanistic psychoanalysis (Fromm),
234–235, 243
in object relations theory (Klein), 153,
154–155
in psychoanalytic social theory
(Horney), 187
in psychoanalytic theory (Freud), 25, 42,
45–50, 53, 65, 68, 113
in psychosocial development stages
(Erikson), 208
Oedipus story, 45–46, 341–342
Ohio State University, 293, 530–531,
549, 570
old age (Erikson), 215–217, 217t
On Dreams (Freud), 26, 145
openness
costs and benefits, 445t
in evolutionary theory (Buss), 442
in Five-Factor Theory, 389, 391t, 392,
399–400, 401–402
operant conditioning (Skinner), 468–475
operant discrimination (Skinner), 469
operant extinction (Skinner), 475
operational definition, 14
opioid system, 59
optimal contact in reducing prejudice,
372–375
oral phase (Freud), 43–44
oral-sensory mode (Erikson), 205
organ dialect (Adler), 80–81
organismic self (Rogers), 297
organismic valuing process (OVP), 317–319
organization corollary (Kelly), 575–576
Origin of Species (Darwin), 454
orthogonal rotation, 385–386
overt modeling, 519
palliative comparisons, 515
pampered style of life, 87
paranoia, 41–42
paranoid-schizoid position (Klein), 148–149
parapraxes (Freudian slips), 56–57
parsimony, 14
passive resistance, 219–220, 483
peak experiences (Maslow), 275–276,
279–280, 283–284, 285–286
penis envy (Freud), 44–45, 47–49, 187
perceptual conscious (Freud), 30
perfection, 178, 184
performance attribution, 513
permeability (Kelly), 578–579
persecutory breast, 149
perseverative functional autonomy (Allport),
366–367
person-centered theory (Rogers), 290–322
awareness, 298–300
barriers to psychological health, 300–303
basic assumptions, 295–297
becoming a person, 299–300
Chicago Studies, 312–315
client-centered therapy in, 291–292,
303–309, 309t