244 NOTES TO PAGES 76–86
10 Garnsey (1976).
11 Hopkins (1983b).
12 Hopkins (1980); Crawford (1985), at 279; cf. Crawford (1986), 65–6.
13 Garnsey (1983b), 1–2; adumbrated by Hopkins (1980), 103. See Hopkins
(1978b), 52ff. on trade in textiles.
14 Finley (1981), ch.11; Landels (1978); White (1984).
15 On ancient accounting, see de Ste. Croix (1956); Macve (1985).
16 Hopkins (1980).
17 Pomey and Tchernia (1978); Hopkins (1983b). On Celtic ships, Casson (1971),
338–9; Marsden (1977).
18 Tchernia (1986b).
19 See now, for these developments, and interpretation, Tc hernia (1986a).
20 For brief introductions, see e.g. Nicholas (1962), 185ff., 201ff.; Kaser
(1971–5); Crook (1967a), 189ff., 229ff., 241ff. On commercial law in general,
see Huvelin (1929) and, with relation to maritime commerce, Rougé (1966),
pt.3.
21 Hopkins (1980): tax stimulated production; cf. Whittaker (1978); Shaw (1983),
149ff.: tax might have depressed production.
22 Finley (1981), 3–23; Hopkins (1978b).
23 Shaw (1984a).
24 Jones (1981) and (1982), mildly corrected by Fulford (1984), 137.
25 Pliny, HN 18.172 (wheeled plough); 261 (scythe); 296, cf. Palladius
7.2.2–4 (mechanical reaper). All are ascribed to Gaul and the last two
are said to be labour- saving. See Kolendo (1980); White (1967a) and
(1984).
26 Jones (1940), ch. 4. On Monte Testaccio, Rodriguez-Almeida (1984).
27 Pliny, HN 19.60; Columella 2.16, cf. 11.10; Pliny, HN 18.317; see also 18.97
(but the text is garbled).
28 The literature has focussed on Columella’s pessimism and his accounting
practices. For the latter, see Duncan-Jones (1982), ch.2; Carandini (1983);
comment by Finley (1985a), 181–2.
29 Rostovtzeff (1957), 19–22, 30–6, 54–75, 91–105, 165–75, 192–204; Sirago
(1958), 250–74; Martin (1971), 257–310, 370–5. Our account leans on
Tchernia (1986a). See the briefer, but useful critique by Purcell (1985), who
talks of a ‘boom’ in Italian viticulture in the early imperial period. His coverage,
however, does not extend beyond the reign of Trajan.
30 Suetonius, Dom. 7.2, cf. 14.2; Statius, Silv. 4.3.11–12; Philostratus, v. Ap. 6.42;
Eusebius, Chron. (ed. Fotheringham) p.273; Tchernia (1986a) IV, 3; also, Levick
(1982), 67ff.
31 Carandini (1980) (1981), deriving from Staerman (1964) (1975); see
comments of Rathbone (1983), Tchernia (1986a), ch. 5; cf. Tchernia (1980),
on the end of Dressel 2–4 and the continuation of amphorae (and wine)
production.