290 ch’ing-hai
with Chao. He and these relatives were appointed to Chinese offices.
His mother was entitled Grand Consort of Sui-ning commandery, and
his wife Lady of Hsien-ning commandery (Sung shih 492:20a-20b).
On Jan.20, 1097, Che-tsung appointed Hsia-cheng Military Com-
missioner of the non-existant Army West of the [Yellow] River and
Acting Minister of Works, and entitled him duke of Ning-sai com-
mandery (Sung shih 18:7b; 492:18a).
In 1099, first Hsia-cheng and then Lung-tsa surrendered to the Sung
after internal troubles. This caused resentment among the conservative
tribesmen, who refused to accept Chinese rule (Sung shih 492:18b).
On Apr.28, 1100, Che-tsung appointed Hsia-cheng Military Com-
missioner of the non-existant Army Which Cherishes the Distance. He
appointed Lung-tsa Military Commissioner of the non-existant Army
West of the [Yellow] River and granted him the imperial surname
and given name of Chao Huai-te (Sung shih 19:2b).
Hsia-cheng found a refuge in China and died there in 1102. Lung-
tsa arrived in K’ai-feng in 1104 and was appointed Military Commis-
sioner of the non-existant Army Which Induces Virtue and enfeoffed
as king of An-hua (Sung shih 492:19b).
The Tibetans here discussed were, to the Chinese, peaceful neigh-
bours and trading partners, whose rulers were friendly to China. The
Sung emperors did not formally recognize the chiefs, did not suspend
the court at their deaths for a mourning period, and did not grant
them any posthumous titles. But they knew how to please them, their
mothers, and wives by nominal Chinese titles and rich gifts. While the
rulers became sinicized, the tribesmen did not, and this for the better
part of a century kept the Chinese at bay. The principality was, of
course, much weaker than the T’u-yü-hun State had been, but, brief
though it existance, it was not a tributary dependency of the Sung.
This is the distribution by 20-year periods of the 16 dated missions
from Tsong-kha to Sung:
1007-1026: 2
1027-1046: 2
1047-1066: 3
1067-1086: 3
1097-1106: 6Judging from these statistics, the Tibetans were drawn into a steadily
closer contact with the Chinese.