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son for his delay) when he is given an ultimatum to appear before
the pharaoh to respond to the accusations of Rib-Hadda. No doubt,
execution was supervised by the king himself and consisted in cut-
ting offthe head, as may be deduced from the eloquent passage of
the pharaoh’s ultimatum to Aziru in EA 162:35–38: “If for any rea-
son whatsoever you prefer to do evil (lemuttu), and if you plot evil
(and) treacherous plans (awàtu sarrùtu), then you, together with all
your family, will die by the king’s axe (haßßinnu “a “arri).”^12B
Böhl, F.M.Th. “Die bei den Ausgrabungen von Sichem gefundenen Keilschrifttafeln,”
Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins49 (1926) 321–27.
Hallo, W., and H. Tadmor, “A Lawsuit from Hazor,” IEJ27 (1977) 1–11.
Hrozny, F. “Keilschrifttexte aus Ta"annek.” In E. Sellin, Tell Ta"annek. Vienna:
C. Gerold’s Sohn, 1904, 113–22.
Liverani, M. “The Wife of Milki-ilu and Other Pledges,” N.A.B.U. 1997/130.
Mendelsohn, I. “On Corvée Labor in Ancient Canaan and Israel,” BASOR 167
(1962) 31–35.
Moran, W.L. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Na"aman, N. “Pharaonic Lands in the Jezreel Valley in the Late Bronze Age.” In
Society and Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean (c.1500–1000 B.C.), ed. M. Heltzer
and E. Lipi...ski. OLA 23. Leuven 1988, 177–85.
——. “Praises to the Pharaoh in Response to His Plans for a Campaign to Canaan.”
In Lingering over Words.Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William
L.Moran, ed. T. Abusch, et al. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990, 397–405.
——. “Looking for the Pharaoh’s Judgment,” RA 90 (1996) 145–59.
Rainey, A. “Compulsory Labour Gangs in Ancient Israel,” IEJ20 (1970) 191–202.
Virolleaud, Ch. “L’ancienne Qatna,” Syria8 (1927) 293–94.(^12) Note that in EA 367, the pharaoh explicitly states that his planned military
expedition against Canaan is meant to cut offthe heads of the enemies of the king.
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