gained appointment as governor of the
strategic post of Gibraltar, a good indication
of how far his reputation had been salvaged.
Clinton died there in this capacity on De-
cember 23, 1795, a talented general, but a
flawed ranking commander.
See also
Arnold, Benedict
Bibliography
Billias, George, ed. George Washington’s Opponents:
British Generals and Admirals of the American Rev-
olution.New York: Morrow, 1969; Bogert, Frederick
W. “Henry Clinton Raids a ‘Hen Roost,’” New Jersey
History98 (1980): 223–232; Bowler, Reginald A. “Sir
Henry Clinton and Army Profiteering: A Neglected As-
pect of the Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy.” William
and Mary Quarterly31 (1974): 111–122; Bulger,
William T., ed. “Sir Henry Clinton’s Journal of the
Siege of Charleston, 1780.” South Carolina Historical
Magazine66 (1965): 147–174; Ethier, Eric. “Clash at
Monmouth.” American Heritage34, no. 4 (1997):
48–57; Gruber, Ira D. “The Education of Sir Henry
Clinton.” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Li-
brary of Manchester72 (1990): 131–153; Manders,
Eric I. The Battle of Long Island.Monmouth Beach,
NJ: Philip Freneau Press, 1978; Wilcox, William B.
Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War
for Independence.New York: Knopf, 1964; Wilcox,
William B., ed. The American Rebellion: Sir Henry
Clinton’s Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775–1782.
Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1971.COCHISE
Cochise
(ca. 1812–June 9, 1874)
Apache War Chief
A
master of hit-and-run tactics, Cochise
became the most feared Native Ameri-
can warrior of the Southwest. For 10
years, he kept the Arizona and New Mexico
Territories in turmoil until the U.S. Army em-
ployed Apache scouts against him.
Cochise (Hardwood) was born around
1812 in present-day Arizona to the Chiricahua
tribe of the Apache nation. During his youth,
he distinguished himself in several battles
against the Mexicans and by 1835 had
emerged as a significant leader of the Choko-
nen Apache band. Traditionally, the Apaches
were bitter adversaries of the Mexicans, but
when the United States acquired the Arizona
Territory in 1848, Cochise desired friendly re-
lations with the newcomers. He permitted
the establishment of several stagecoach sta-
tions in his territory, where the Native Ameri-
cans worked for and traded with their new
neighbors.
These peaceful arrangements ended in
1861, when a renegade band of Apaches
raided a settlers’ outpost and abducted a
child. The local military authority, Lt. George
N. Bascom, summoned Cochise to discuss the
affair. The Indian chief freely stepped forward
to clear his name and denied any knowledge
of the deed. Furthermore, he offered to help
locate the child, but Bascom attempted to ar-
rest him. In the ensuing melee, Cochise es-
caped, but several family members were
seized. The Apaches wasted no time in secur-
ing hostages of their own and proposed an ex-
change, but when negotiations broke down
both sides executed their prisoners. Cochise,
angered by this betrayal, joined his father-in-
law Mangas Coloradas of the Mimbreno
Apaches and took to the warpath.
For 10 years, Cochise and his band (never
numbering more than 600 warriors) raided
towns, attacked stagecoaches, and killed as