1090 NOTES TO CHAPTER IOof the Northern Army (i.e., Capital Guards) had direct control of the village or hsiang
soldiers in the capital districts.- He traced the origin of shifts for frontier duty to the Ch'in method of treating exiled
criminals, hence not a proper method for ordinary peasants. PGSR 23:6b-7b. - Hamaguchi has a chapter on the division of soldiers and peasants in the end of the
Later Han and under the regime of Ts'ao Ts'ao of the Wei (in the third century A.D.) in
Tokan zuit()shi no kenkyu, pp. 326-35. See also ibid., p. 33.
3S. See PGSR 23:Sa-9a for the general outline of the system, and ibid. Sa-I2b for
commentaries by later Chinese writers of the T'ang and Sung. - Hamaguchi Shigekuni has pointed out that the number of fu varied from one time
to another but usually there were about 600 to 630 of them. There were also three grades
offu based on the number of soldiers attached, 1,200, 1,000, or Soo. These troops were
also assigned to the capital guards (wei) or frontier garrisons for rotation duty there. PGSR
23 :Sa-9b; Hsin T'ang-shu 50, ping-chih [Treatise on military affairs], 40: I b-3a. See also
Hamaguchi Shigekuni's article on the Che-ch 'ungIu in the Ajia rekishi jiten 5:249, and
Charles O. Hucker, A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford
University Press, I9S5), pp. 119-20. For more detail see Hamaguchi, "Fuhei seido yori
shinheisei COO [From thefu-ping system to the new-soldier system], in Shinkan zuiU5shi
no kenkyfi, pp. 3-S3, first published in Shigaku zasshi 41 (1930):II-I2. - PGSR 23: IOb-I Ia; Hsin T'ang-shu 50, ping-chih, 40: I a.
4I. PGSR 23:1 Ib, Hsin T'ang-shu 50, ping-chih 40:1b-3a. - PGSR 23:10a.
- These long-term soldiers were dubbed kuang-chi in 724.
- Lin Chiung of the Sung also deplored the decline ofthejiJ-ping system by the late
seventh century, and the conversion of the militia soldiers to permanent or long-term troops
in 723. PGSR 23: IOa, II a-I2a; Hsin T'ang-shu 50, ping-chih 40: la-b, 3a. - The first were the palace and capital guards, the second the garrison troops of the
various prefectures attached to the walled town of the prefectural seat, and the third were
the local troops (hsiang-chiin) who were selected from the household registers, formed
into units where they were recruited for service, and trained as a defensive reserve. PGSR
23:I2b. - Ibid. 23:I2b-14b.
- Ibid. 23:I4b-I 5 a.
4S. See his citation of Su Shih's praise of the system in Shinkan zuitoshi no kenkyu,
P·35·
- Hamaguchi, "Fuhei seido yori," pp. IO-I I, 32-33. This arrangement had not been
typical of the system when first founded in the Western Wei. In his account in the Ajia
rekishi jiten 5:249, he said that So percent of the Che-ch 'ung-jiJ were in the capital area
and 20 percent on the frontier, somewhat different percentages than one would derive
from the statements in his article. - Hamaguchi, "Fuhei seido yori," pp. 15-16.
5 I. A system of matching copper tallies in the form of a fish was used when peasants
were called up to ensure that no unauthorized service was imposed on families. And
when on duty, soldiers were exempted from labor service and local products tribute pay-