canals, 21 , 23 , 29 n; as boundaries, 49 ; features
along, 47 – 8 ; layout, 42 – 6 , 44 ; as transportation
networks, 48 – 9 ; Ur III period, 123 ; see also
hydraulic landscapes; irrigation/irrigation
systems
Carchemish, Euphrates, 83
cardinal numbers, 306 , 308
carding boards, 404
Carter, E., 26
Carter, R., 579 – 99
case marking, noun phrases, 106 – 7
celibacy, clergy, 268
cemeteries, 167 – 8 ; Royal Cemetery of Ur see
Royal Cemetery of Ur
centralizing institutions, 162 – 4
channels, 46 , 134 , 151
charioteers, 383
Charles, M.P., 34
charrawiya, 390
charred plant, 35 , 38
Chicago Oriental Institute, 162 , 354
cities: City II, kingdom of Mari, 523 – 8 ; City III,
kingdom of Mari, 528 – 9 ; as “default” spatial
configurations, 68 ; “heartland” of, 19 , 20 , 21 ,
22 ; later Sumerian, 169 – 73 ; social structure,
279 – 80 ; see alsocity-states; Khafajah city,
Diyala region; Ur (Sumerian city-state);
urbanism and urbanization; Uruk (ancient city
of Sumer)
Cities List, 295
City Seal style, 327 – 8 , 329 , 330
city-states: age of (c. 2600 – 2100 BC), 141 – 3 ; Early
Dynastic, women in, 363 , 364 , 365 – 8 ; and site-
size hierarchy, 465 ; in third millennium, 567 ;
warring, 116 – 20 ; see alsocities; urbanism and
urbanization
Civil, M., 39
clay, 158 ; writing systems, 97 , 100 , 291 , 292
cleaning of fiber, 404
clergy, 246 – 71 ; celibacy, 268 ; cult ritual,
performative actors, 262 – 4 ; death, burial and
commemoration, 262 ; ecclesiastic hierarchy,
Sumerian, 247 – 67 ; en, the, 248 – 58 , 250 , 252 ,
256 , 283 ; female votaries, 266 ; generic roles,
267 ; lagar, 258 – 61 ; liturgical cantors and
musicians, 264 – 6 ; Netherworld, priests in,
268 – 9 ; nomenclature of high priesthood, 250 ;
selection process, 267 ; sources, 246 – 7 ; of
Sumer, 246 ; titular sacerdotal, 248 – 62
climate change, 57 , 70 , 471
clothes, 396 , 399 ; see alsofashion
Codex Hammurabi, 210
co-internments, 419 , 421 , 426
Collins, P., 345 – 58
colonies, 450 , 451
commemoration, 262
commercial exchange, 411 – 14
communication, material culture, 504 – 11 ;
iconography and glyptic art, 504 – 6 ; metal and
standardization of value, 508 – 11 ; Syrian Bottle,
506 , 507 , 508
compound nouns, 105 – 6
consonants, 101 – 2 ; consonant–vowel–consonant
sequences, 98
content words, 104 – 5
Cooper, L., 478 – 97
copper, 354 , 452 ; early trade, 579 – 83
CORONA intelligence satellite, American, 135
corpse, preparation of, 420 – 2
cosmogonic (heaven–earth) unions, 227
counting, Sumerian, 305 – 7
craft industries, Sumerian and Akkadian seetextile
industries, Sumerian and Akkadian
Crawford, H., 411 , 412 , 447 – 61 , 517 – 37
‘cultivators,’ 60 – 1 , 62 , 65 n
cult ritual, performative actors, 262 – 4
cultural developments, Western Syria and Middle
Euphrates Valley, 478 – 97 ; chronology, 480 – 1 ;
cultural traditions and beliefs, 490 – 3 ; Early
Bronze Age, 480 , 481 – 8 , 492 ; EB III-IV
periods, 483 – 8 ; EB I-II settlements, 482 ;
funerary traditions and social structures, 492 ;
geography and subsistence, 478 – 80 ; kingship,
492 – 3 ; Late Uruk period, 481 – 3 ; religious
ideologies, 491 – 2 ; Syrian temples, 491 ; Western
Syrian/Middle Euphrates-Sumerian
interconnections, 489 – 90 , 493
culture, material, 467 – 9
cuneiform script, 97
cuneiform tablets, 55 – 6 , 57
cuneiform texts, 21 , 68 ; hydraulic landscapes and
irrigation systems, 33 , 35 , 49 , 50 ; see also
information sources
Cunningham, G., 95 – 109
Curse of Akkad, 122
CVCs (consonant–vowel–consonant sequences),
98
cylinder seals, 212 , 230 , 256 , 320 , 321 , 322 ;
Akkadian period, 336 ; Anatolia, 506 ; copper
trade and Oman, 581 ; Early Dynastic period,
331 , 333 ; Ebla, Syria, 549 ; in Egypt, 626 – 7 ; and
fashion, 378 , 386 , 387 , 388 , 389 ; third–– Index ––