language: Akkadian, 95 , 100 , 103 – 4 , 300 ;
classification of Sumerian, 95 – 7 ; Eblaite, 489 ;
gender in, 102 , 104 ; genetic classification of
Sumerian, 96 – 7 ; lexical expansion, 105 – 6 ;
phonology, 101 – 2 ; signs, 98 – 9 , 295 – 7 ;
Sumerian, 47 , 95 – 109 , 306 , 359 – 60 , 436 ;
typological classification of Sumerian, 96 ; Uruk
writing system, represented by, 292 – 3 ; word
classes, 102 – 5 ; writing seewriting/writing
systems
Lapinkivi, P., 227 – 8
lapis lazuli (semi-precious stone), 220 , 321 , 332 ,
366 , 546 , 588 ; and Egypt, 623 – 6
Late Chalcolithic centers, 83 , 84 , 87
Late Uruk period (c. 3400 – 3100 BC), 69 ;
administrative system, 326 – 7 ; cultural
developments, Western Syria and Middle
Euphrates Valley, 481 – 2 ; elites/institutions, 76 ,
79 – 80 ; history/chronology, 114 – 15 ; labor
revolution, 81 ; mathematics in, 309 ;
monumental buildings, 75 – 6 , 78 , 79 ; and
physical geography, 23 , 26 ; royalty, images of,
203 ; scribes, 290 – 7 ; seals, 325 , 330 ; spatial and
political organization, 73 – 4 ; Uruk Expansion,
83 ; women in, 360 – 3
Laursen, S., 614
law: codes seelaw codes; gatherings, 281 ; legal
texts, 113 ; people and state, 279 – 82 ; Primitive
Democracy, 285 – 7 ; royal power, sources, 283 – 5 ;
Rule of Law, 277 – 9
law codes, 49 , 123 , 210 ; Hammurabi of Babylon,
277 , 282 , 287 , 390 ; Ur-Nammu/Ur-Namma
(Ur III king), 282 – 3 , 371 , 457
Layard, H., 568
lead bowls, 452
Leilan, 472
levees (more banks than dams. Made by throwing
up mud etc from the canal/river bed):
hydraulic landscapes and irrigation systems, 36 ,
37 , 40 , 42 – 3 , 44 ; weak, 16 – 17
Lewy, H., 316 n
lexical expansion, 105 – 6
lexical lists, 99 , 246
libations, 211 , 212 ; palm vase, 230 , 231 , 232 – 3
Limestone Temple, Eanna, 77 , 78 – 9 , 181
liminal period, ordination ritual, 254
linen, 396 , 397 , 402
Lion-Hunt Stele, 379 ; Protoliterate period, 236 ,
237
literary texts, 247
liturgical cantors and musicians, 264 – 6
Liverani, M., 58 , 59 , 60 , 68 , 562
Lloyd, S., 464
logographic writing systems, 97
London Illustrated News, 620
longue durée, Mesopotamian culture, 345 , 356 , 359
looms, 405 , 406
Lower Mesopotamia seeAlluvial Mesopotamia
Lu E (professions list), 297
Lu-Enlilla (Ur III merchant), 592
Lugalbanda and Enmerkar(Sumerian myth), 183
Lugalzagesi (king of Umma), 120 , 121
Lugula, 277
lú-mah(exalted man), 261
lu’umumma(professional group who escort corpse
to grave), 421 , 426Maekawa, K., 60 – 1 , 64
Magan: evidence of Meluhan relations with,
608 – 9 ; evidence of Mesopotamian relations
with, 606 – 8 ; Indus Black Slip Jars
(c. 2500 – 2400 BC), 610 ; relations with Marhasi,
609 – 13
Majidzadeh, Y., 571
Mallowan, M., 84 , 464
Manishtushu, 469 – 70 , 593 ; obelisk of, 278
Marchesi, G., 269 n
Margueron, J.-C., 79 , 517 – 37
Marhasi (Marhashi), 571 – 2 , 573 ; Marhasi-Magan
relations, 609 – 13
Mari, kingdom of, 287 , 517 – 37 ; Amorite rule,
528 – 9 , 532 – 6 ; architecture, 522 – 3 ; City II,
523 – 8 ; City III, 528 – 9 ; difficulty of
distinguishing between Amorite city and that
of Shakkanakku, 528 – 9 ; economic life, 521 – 2 ;
end of Mari, 536 – 7 ; first town/foundation,
517 – 18 , 520 ; glacis and outer wall, 532 – 3 ;
hinterland, 520 – 1 ; houses, 528 ; kings, 532 ;
monuments in centre, 519 ; palaces, 525 – 6 ,
531 – 2 , 533 , 534 , 535 , 536 ; refounding of, new
urban characteristics, 523 – 5 ; schematic plan,
519 ; Shakkanakku rule, 528 – 32 ; stratigraphy,
522 , 525 , 528 – 9 ; temples, 527 , 536 ; wealth and
power of city, 532
marine incursion, 13 , 19 – 20
marriage: dissolution, 372 ; monogamous, 368 ,
371 , 372 ; sacred seeSacred Marriage
marshland: agriculture and land management, 58 ;
hydraulic landscapes and irrigation systems, 33 ,
36 , 37 , 38 ; personal recollection, 639 – 42 ; and
physical geography, 13 , 19 – 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 28
Mashkan-shapir (city), 170 , 172–– Index ––