822 Index
American federal constitution (cont.)
lack of interest in the American state con-
stitutions, 134, 134n38; Turgot’s arguments
against the separation of powers, 187; view
of in Germany, 180, 185; view of in France,
- See also Defense of the Constitutions of
the United States ( J. Adams)
American Independence the Interest and Glory of
Great Britain (Cartwright), 135
American political ideas, distinctiveness of,
160–63; and the constituent power of the
people, 159–76; and the sovereignty of the
people, 159.
American Revolution, 3, 10, 14, 45, 87, 107,
108, 115, 136, 178–80, 259, 261, 307, 421,
453, 528, 562, 537; ambivalence of, 174–76;
confiscation of loyalist property during,
140, 141, 175; conservative nature of, 261;
divisions between patriots and loyalists
during, 142, 145, 147; effects of on Western
Civilization, 139; essential revolutionary
idea of, 348; financial support of by France,
414; formation of the Continental army
and questions concerning the authority of,
148; as the Fourth English War, 246, 253;
as a great event for the whole of the
European - American world, 138; loyalist
belief that England would win the war,
150; minor role of churches/religion in,
145, 145n9; number of émigré loyalists who
fled to Canada or England during, 141,
142; as a political movement, 160; popula-
tion of America during, 144; as a precursor
to the French Revolution, 140; reorganiza-
tion of state governments during and after,
114; social nature of, 95; state constitutions
established during, 149; and the “Was there
an American Revolution?” paradox, 139– - See also Europe, and the American Rev-
olution
American Revolution Considered as a Social
Movement, The ( Jameson), 140
American state constitutions, 157, 173, 174,
186, 198–201, 259, 265, 266, 365, 634,
738, 745
Ames, Fisher, 536
Ames, Nathaniel, 392
Amsterdam, 9, 16, 50, 245n4, 254, 510; as the
center of regent opposition, 244; council of,
508; Jews in, 509, 562; population of
(1790s), 509; regents of, 31; revolt of the
cannoneers in, 520; riots in, 512
anarchy/anarchists, 16, 73,148, 149, 158, 440,
684; anarchy resulting from the French
Revolution, 332, 444, 448, 456; as an inevi-
table result of revolution, 423, 437; in the
Neapolitan Republic, 661
Anatomy of Revolution (Brinton), 11
Ancona, 651, 783, 783n14
Ancona Republic, 651
Anglican Church/Anglicanism. See Church of
England
Anne (queen of England), 43
Anonymous Letters (Kollontay), 315–16
anti-Christianity, 145, 607
Anti Jacobin (Weekly Examiner), 637, 647n50
Anti Jacobin Review and Magazine, 647n50,
732
Antwerp, 257, 258, 260, 262, 496
Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (E.
Burke), 323
“appellation of citizen” versus the Test Act,
238–41
Apulia, 658
Aragon, 2
aristocracy, 6, 13–14, 40, 48, 53, 310, 317, 477;
and the American Revolution, 148–55;
“aristocratic resurgence” in Europe, 20;
“aristocratic resurgence” in France, 326;
aristocrat revolt (révolte nobiliaire) in
France, 341–46; creation of in Russia, 304;
“democratic” versus “aristocratic” forms of
society, 379; difference between the En-
glish gentility and the French noblesse, 56;
ease of rising to the aristocracy in France
and England, 55; in the eighteenth century,
24; identification of the bourgeoisie with
the aristocracy in France, 62; John Adams’
view of, 206n52; passage of the mercantile
class to aristocratic ranks, 55; serf- owning
aristocracy, 280; three levels of, 93. See also
aristocrat(s); nobility, the
Aristocrat (Montjoie), 330
aristocrat(s), 252, 278, 303, 312, 523, 530; der-
ivation of the term “aristocrat,” 17–18; first
use of aristocrate during the reign of Louis
XVI, 14
Arkwright, Richard, 716
Armée d ’Angleterre, 526, 620, 740
Army of the Holy Faith (San Fede), 660