Invitation to Psychology

S-1

Subject Index

A
Abandonment and insecure
attachment, 84
Absolute thresholds (sensation),
189–190
Abstinence policies and rates of
addiction, 400–401
Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse
scandal, 7, 347, 360
Abused children. See Child abuse
Academic/research psychologists,
9, 10
Acceptance techniques, 429–430
Accommodation (cognitive
development), 90
Acculturation, 362
Acetylcholine, 127
Achievement
expectations and self-efficacy,
508–510
goals and, 506–508
motives for, 506–511
Acrophobia, 389
Action potential, 125
Activation-synthesis theory of
dreams, 167–168
Adderall, 146, 147
Addiction, 399. See also
Alcoholism; Drug
withdrawal; Drugs;
Substance-related and
addictive disorders
biological/disease model of,
399–400, 403
culture, learning, and,
400–402
debating the causes of, 403
learning model of, 400–403
motives behind, 403
sex, 380–381, 410
Adolescence, 101–103. See also
Puberty
defined, 101
physiology of, 101–102
psychology of, 102–103
Adolescent behavior problems,
behavior therapy for, 437
Adoption studies, 58
Adrenal glands, 128
Adrenal hormones, 128
Adulthood
development during, 104–109
life transitions, 106–107
old age, 107–109
stages and ages, 104–105
emerging, 106–107
Advertising, subliminal messages
and, 218–219
Affect heuristic, 235–236
Afghanistan, gender roles in, 99
African Americans. See also
Blacks
blending individualism and
collectivism, 68
interethnic friendships, 372
psychotherapy and, 433

stereotype threat and test

performance among, 245

suicide and, 411

African tribes, context and, 217

Afterimages, negative, 199

Age and reflective thinking, 234

Aggression. See Rape; Violence

Agoraphobia, 389, 427

Agreeableness, 52, 53

Agricultural cultures, violence

and, 66–67

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome), 80, 177,

236, 464

Ainsworth, Mary, 83

Air Crib, 324

Alarm phase (general adaptation

syndrome), 461

Alcohol

as depressant, 174–176

prenatal effects of, 81

and sleep, 181

“think-drink” effect, 179

women and, 178, 400

Alcoholism. See also Substance-

related and addictive

disorders

causes of, 403

culture and, 400

inherited vulnerability to, 399

problem drinking, 402

risk factors, 403

Alex (parrot), intelligence in, 258

Algorithms, 231

Alien abductions, memories of,

172, 272

Allport, Gordon, 365, 368

Alpha waves, 160

Alternative hypothesis

(experimental/research

hypothesis), A7

Altruism, 360–361

Alzheimer’s disease, 127

Ambivalent style of

attachment, 83

American Humanist

Association, 325

American Psychiatric Association

(APA), 439

American Psychological

Association (APA), 10,

11, 26, 334, 439

American Sign Language (ASL),

85, 205, 257

American South, rates of violence

in, 66–67

Amnesia, 295

childhood/infantile,

297–298

dissociative, 404

psychogenic, 295

traumatic, 295

Amphetamines, 174, 175

Amygdala, 135

anxiety and, 388

conditioned fear and, 314

emotion and, 451–452

memory and, 269–270, 285

prejudice and, 370

Anal stage, 45

Analytical intelligence, 247

Anatomical encoding, 188

Androgens, 128

Anecdote, argument by, 15

Anger, 458

cognitive therapy for, 437

coping with, 446–447,

475–476

expression of, 476–477

gender and, 459–460

and prejudice, 370

Animal-assisted therapy,

418–419, 440–441

Animals, intelligence in,

255–256

anthropomorphism, 259

language and, 256–258

nonhuman primates,

255–259

Anorexia nervosa, 7, 385,

488–489

Antagonism, 52

Antagonistic hostility, 468

Antecedents, 331

Anthropomorphism, 259

Anti-Semitism, 365, 368

Antianxiety drugs (tranquilizers),

421, 422

Antidepressant drugs,

421–423

Antigens, 464

Antipsychotic drugs, 420–422

Antisocial personality disorder

(APD), 395–398

causes of, 397–398

central nervous system

abnormalities in, 397

Anxiety. See also Fear

chronic, 388

Anxiety disorders, 388–391.

See also Phobias;

Posttraumatic stress

disorder (PTSD)

cognitive-behavior therapy

for, 436

Anxious style of attachment, 83,

492–493, 501

Apes, intelligence in, 255–256

Applied behavior analysis,

325. See also Behavior
     modification
     Applied psychology, 9, 44
     Appraisals, 455
     Approach-approach conflict, 513
     Approach-avoidance conflict, 514
     Approach goals, 506
     Archetypes, 47–48
     Arendt, Hannah, 373
     Aristotle, 5
     Arkes, Hal, 351
     Aronson, Elliot, 372
     Artificial intelligence (AI), 260

Asch, Solomon, 356

Aserinsky, Eugene, 159

Asian-Americans. See also

Japanese immigrants

alcohol abuse, 399

expressing anger and, 477

psychotherapy and, 433

social support and, 474

Asians. See also Chinese;

Japanese; South Korea

alcohol reaction, 178, 399

color deficiency in, 198

intellectual performance,

253–254

perception and, 217–218

social support and, 474

Assessment instruments,

20–22

Assimilation (cognitive

development), 90

Association cortex, 136

Association for Psychological

Science (APS), 11

Assumptions, 15

Ataque de nervios, 385

Ativan, 421

Atta, Mohamed, 354

Attachment, 82–84, 515

contact comfort, 82

endorphins and, 128

love and, 491

in object-relations theory, 48

separation, security, and,

83–84

Attachment theory of love,

492–493

Attachment therapy, 438

Attention deficit/hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD), 383

Attitudes, 350–355

genetic influence on, 352–354

shifting opinions vs. bedrock

beliefs, 351–352

Attribution theory, 348

Attributions, 348–349

Audition, 204. See also Hearing

Auditory cortex, 136

schizophrenia and, 408

Auditory nerve, 206

Auditory world, constructing the,

206–207

Authority, obedience to,

343–347

Autism, 437

pet therapy and, 419

vaccines and, 3, 15, 25

Autobiographical memories,

296–297, 300

childhood amnesia, 297

explanations for, 297–298

Autonomic nervous system,

121–122

Autonomy (independence)

need for, 508

vs. shame and doubt, 104

Availability heuristic, 236