Invitation to Psychology

S-8 SUBJECT INDEX

Phobias, 313–315, 388–389

agoraphobia, 427

Phrenology, 5–6, 133

Piaget, Jean, 90–91, 297

Pineal gland, 128

Pitch, 205

Pituitary gland, 128, 134

Placebo effect, 423

Placebos, 28, 314–316

pain and, 213

Plasticity of brain,

142–143, 216

Play styles, testosterone and,

97–98

Pluripotent stem cells,

124, 125

PNS. See Peripheral nervous

system (PNS)

Political affiliation, 352

Polygraph machine (lie detector),

453–454

Pons, 133

dreams and, 168

Poole, Bobby, 268

Pop-psych tests, 21–22

Porphyrophobia, 389

Positive psychology, 70

Positive reinforcement, 319

Positive retirement, 107

Positron emission tomography

(PET) scan, 130

Postdecision dissonance,

240–241

Posttraumatic interventions,

435–436

Posttraumatic stress disorder

(PTSD), 389–390, 427

defined, 390

pet therapy for, 418–419, 440

Poverty, stress of, 463

Power assertion, 94–95

Practical (contextual) intelligence,

247–248

Praise and intrinsic motivation,

328–329

Prediction, 13

Prefrontal cortex, 102,

136–137, 285

anxiety and, 388

emotion and, 451

Prefrontal lobotomy, 424

Prejudice

defined, 365

defining and measuring,

367–371

functions of, 365–366

group conflict and,

365–372

against men, 366

origins of, 365–367

reducing conflict and,

371–372

therapy and, 439

unconscious, 368–369

war and, 366

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

(PMDD), 158

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS),

157–159

Prenatal care and

intelligence, 251

Pavlovian conditioning, 308–309

Paxil, 421

Peak experiences, 69

Peer approval

rape and, 502

sex and, 501

Peers

adolescents and, 102

power of, 62–63

Penis envy, 46, 47, 50

People’s Temple massacre, 355

Perceiving, sensing without,

192–193

Percentile scores (centile rank),

A4–A5, A9

Perception, 187–188

without awareness, 218–219

defined, 187

form, 199–200

origins and influences,

215–218

critical periods, 215–216

inborn abilities, 81, 215

psychological and cultural

influences, 216–218

vs. persuasion, 219

subliminal, 218–219

Perceptual constancy, 202

Perceptual illusion, 202–204

Perceptual sets, 217

Performance goals, 506–508,

515–516

Peripheral nervous system (PNS),

121–122

Persistence and creativity, 261

Personal space, 21

Personality. See also specific

topics

consistency and change in,

52–54

defined, 43

development of, 45–46

environmental influences on,

60–63

factor analysis, 52

inner experience of, 69–71

modern study of, 51–54

structure of, 44

Personality disorders, 395. See

also specific disorders

Personality tests, 21, 51. See

also Projective tests

objective, 51, 387

Personality traits, 43

core, 52–54

criteria for, 21

culture and, 65–66

heredity and, 57–59

heritability of, 59

religious and political affiliation

and, 352

Persuasion, 354–355

PET (positron-emission

tomography) scan, 130

Pet therapy, 418–419,

440–441

Peyote, 176, 180

Pfungst, Oskar, 259

Phallic stage, 45–46

Phantom pain, 212

Phenobarbital, 175

Operant learning, 255

Operational definitions, 14

Opiates, 175, 176, 402

Opioid peptides,

endogenous, 128

Opium, 175, 176

Opponent-process theory,

198–199

Optic chiasm, 139

Optic disk, 195, 196

Optic nerve, 139, 195, 196

Optimism, stress and, 465

Oral sex, 502

Oral stage, 45

Orangutans, intelligence in, 255,

256

Orchid children, 94

Organ of Corti, 205

Orgasm, 497

Ostracism, 356

Overgeneralizing, 429

Oversimplification, avoiding, 16

Oxycodone, 176

Oxytocin, 128, 473, 491, 515

P

Pain, 211–213

expectations and, 213

opiates and, 176

physiology of, 211–212

psychology of, 213

Pain management, hypnosis

and, 171

Panic attacks, 388

Panic disorder, 388

Papillae, 208

Paradoxical sleep, 161

Parallel distributed processing

(PDP), 279

Parapsychology, defined, 221

Parasympathetic nervous system,

121, 122

Parental influence on personality,

61–62

child-rearing styles, 62

on heritable traits, 62

parental style vs. child’s

behavior, 62

shared home environment,

61–62

temperament and, 94

Parental neglect

and depression, 393

and insecure attachment, 84

Parentese, 87–88

Parenting, erratic

and insecure attachment, 84

Parents

adolescence and conflict

with, 102

generativity and, 105

Parietal lobes, 136

Parkinson’s disease, 127

Parks, Rosa, 360

Parrots, African grey

intelligence, 258

Partner approval, sex and, 501

Passion, 493

Passionate (romantic) love, 490

Past-life regressions, 172

Pavlov, Ivan, 308–309

New Age movements, 48
Newborns, 81–82
attachment, 82–84
inborn perceptual abilities, 81
Newmaker, Candace, 438
Nicotine, 174, 175, 180
Nicotine addiction, 399
Night Falls Fast (Jamison), 412
Nodes (neurons), 124
Non-REM (NREM) sleep,
160–162
Nonconformity and creativity, 261
Nonconscious processes,
230–231
Nondirective therapy, 430
Nonshared environment, 61, 353
Norepinephrine, 127, 128,
177, 421
emotion and, 453
memory and, 287
stress response and, 462
Normal curve, A6, A9
Normal distribution, A6, A9
Norms, 21, 341–342
Null hypothesis, A7, A9

O
Oakley, Annie, 490
Obama, Barack, 367
Obedience study (Milgram),
343–345, 347
Obedience to authority, 343–347
benefits of, 346
reasons for, 346–347
Obesity. See Weight
Object permanence, 90
Object-relations school, 48–49
Objective tests (inventories), 21,
51, 387
Observational learning, 332–333
Observational studies, 20
Obsessions, 390
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD), 390–391
Obsessiveness, 54
love and, 493, 494
Occipital lobes, 136
Occupational roles, 342
Odors, 210
Oedipal stage, 45–46
Oedipus complex, 46
Oedipus myth, 104
Off-label uses of drugs,
423–424
Old age, 107–109. See also
Elderly people
Olfaction (smell), 210
importance of, 210
receptors for, 210
of taste, 209, 210
Olfactory bulb, 134, 210
Olfactory nerve, 210
Omega-3 fatty acids, 146
Openness to experience, 52, 352
Operant conditioning, 307,
317–318, 427, 428
vs. classical conditioning, 317
consequences of behavior and,
318–320
principles of, 320–325
in real life, 325–330