Invitation to Psychology

SUBJECT INDEX S-9

Religious diversity, attitudes

toward, 351–352

REM behavior disorder, 163

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep,

160–162

Remeron, 421

Remote Associates Test, 261

Reparative therapy for

homosexuality, 439

Replacement (memory), 293

Replication, 17

Representative sample, 18

Repression, 45, 295–296

Repression controversy, 295–296

Rescorla, Robert, 311

Research, 9

field, 30

Research animals, 26

Research hypothesis, A7–A8

Research methods

advantages and

disadvantages, 30

correlational studies, 23–25

descriptive studies, 18–22

experiments, 26–30

Research psychologists, 9, 10

Resilience, 110

Resistance phase (general

adaptation syndrome),

461

Resistance to new experience, 52

Respondent conditioning. See

Classical conditioning

Response bias, 191

Responsibility, diffusion of,

358–359

Responsibility, personal

mental disorders and,

410–411

Reticular activating system (RAS),

133–134

Retina, 195, 196

Retinal disparity, 201

Retirement, "positive," 107

Retrieval cues, 294–295

Retrieval practice, 290

Retroactive interference,

293–294

Reward(s), 318

misuse of, 328

problems with, 328–330

why they can backfire,

328–329

Right-hemisphere dominance,

140–141

Right-skewed distributions,

A6–A7, A9

Risk-taking behavior, 102, 106

Risperdal, 421, 424

Ritalin, 146, 423, 424

Road rage, 476

Robbers Cave experiment, 363

Robust factors (personality), 52

Rods, 196

Roentgen, Wilhelm, 261

Rogers, Carl, 70, 430, 432

Role confusion vs. identity, 104

Roles, 341–347

Romantic love, 490

Rooting reflex, 81

Roper poll, 22

Randi, James, 221

Random assignment, 28

Random error, A7–A8

Randomized controlled trials,

435–436

Range, A4

Range (statistics), A4

Rape, 483, 501–502, 515

and contempt for the

victim, 502

Rapid eye movement. See REM

(rapid eye movement)

sleep

Rational emotive behavior therapy

(REBT), 429

Rayner, Rosalie, 313–314

Reactivity, 57

Read-recite-review (3R) strategy,

8, 290

Reappraisal, 472

Reasoning

barriers to rational, 235–241

affect heuristic, 235–236

avoiding loss, 236

cognitive dissonance,

239–241

confirmation bias, 238–239

fairness bias, 236–238

hindsight bias, 238

mental sets, 239

defined, 232

dialectical, 232–233

formal, 232

informal, 232

moral, 93–96

"Rebirthing" therapy, 438

Recall, 276

Recency effect, 284

Receptor sites, 126

Reciprocal (mutual) determinism,

61, 72

Recognition, 276

Reflective judgment, 233, 234

defined, 233

Reflexes

newborn, 81

spinal, 120–121

Regression, 45

Rehearsal, 288–290

Reinforcement, 318

negative, 319

positive, 319

punishment as, 326–327

Reinforcers, 318

conditioned, 318–319

extrinsic, 328

intrinsic, 328

primary, 318

secondary, 318–319

Relapse rates, 423

Relapses, cognitive-behavior

therapy and, 437

Relationships, losses of

and depression, 393

Relaxation techniques, 181

Relearning method (savings

method), 277

Reliability, test, 21

Religion, gender and, 99

Religiosity, 54, 352

Religious affiliation, 352

Psychology, 44. See also specific

topics

applied, 9, 44

basic, 9, 44

birth of modern, 5–6

critical and scientific thinking

in, 13–17

defined, 4

descriptive studies, 18–22

mistaken beliefs about human

behavior, 5

in the news, 2–3

science of, 4–8

social, 341

theoretical perspectives,

6–8 (see also specific

perspectives)

using psychology to study, 8

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI),

463–464

Psychopathy, 54, 395. See also

Antisocial personality

disorder (APD)

Psychophysics, 189

Psychosexual stages, 45–47

Psychosis, 406

Psychotherapists, 10, 11, 44

credentials of, 441

selecting, 441

unethical behavior on part

of, 439

Psychotherapy, 419

becoming a smart consumer of,

441–442

effectiveness of, 435–437

evaluating, 433–439

in practice, 432

risks of, 438–439

scientist-practitioner gap,

434–435

types/schools of, 426–432

Puberty

defined, 101

early, 101–102

late, 102

Publication bias, 422

Punishers, 318

primary, 318

secondary, 318–319

Punishment, 318

consistency of, 326

effectiveness of, 326–327

failure of, 326–327

pros and cons of, 326–327

as reinforcer, 326–327

zero-tolerance policies, 334

Pupil, 195

Puppies, personalities and, 56

Puzzle box, 317

Q

Quasi-reflective thinking, 234

R

3R technique (read, recite,

review), 8

Race and IQ scores, 250, 251

Racism, 367–369

Radical behaviorism, 318

birth of, 317–318

Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 212

Prenatal development,
79–80
harmful influences, 80–81
newborn babies, 81–82
Prenatal events and sexual
orientation, 504
Preoperational stage, 90–91
Prereflective thinking, 233
Preschoolers, cognitive
development in, 92
Price, Jill, 291–292
Pride, 448
Primacy effect, 284
Primary punishers, 318
Primary reinforcers, 318
Priming, 218, 277
Prison study (Stanford),
345–346
Proactive interference, 294
Problem-focused approach to
dreams, 166
Problem-focused coping,
471–472
Procedural memories, 283
Processed foods, 486
Progesterone, 128
Prohibition, 400–401
Projection, 45
Projective tests, 21, 385–387
reliability of, 386
Propositions, 229
Prototypes, 229
in emotion, 458
Provigil, 146–147
Proximity, 199, 206
and love, 492
Prozac, 421, 424
Psilocybin, 175, 176
Psychedelics, 175, 176
Psychiatrists, 11, 44
Psychoanalysis, 6, 44, 426
defined, 44
on personality structure,
44–45
psychosexual development
and, 45–47
Psychoanalysts, 10, 11, 44
Psychobabble, 4
Psychodynamic theories, 72
defined, 44
evaluating, 49–50
of personality, 44–49
Psychodynamic therapy,
426, 432
Psychogenic amnesia, 295
Psychological disorders. See
Mental disorder(s)
Psychological practice, 9–11
Psychologists, 9–12
academic/research, 10
(see also Research)
clinical, 9–11, 44
counseling, 10
defined, 9
developmental, 79
education, 10
gestalt, 199
in industry, law, and other
settings, 10–12, 506
professional activities of, 9
school, 10