308 | The Multiple Personae of Pavlos Carolidis
obviously kindred spirits. Therefore, such an encounter might be perceived as an
attempt to shape a pedigree. The collapse of the short-lived plural parliamentary
experiment in 1912 proved that there was no safe place for Carolidis on either
shore of the Aegean. He fled to Germany and then returned to Athens, where he
was dismissed from his university position in 1918, returned in 1920, and again
dismissed in 1923, following the political changes in Greece. He never recovered
his capacity for moving freely between his diverse contexts and identities.
Suggestions for Further Reading
Anagnostopoulou, Sia. The Passage from the Ottoman Empire to the Nation-States: A
Long and Difficult Process—the Greek Case. Istanbul: Isis Press, 2004. This is a
collection of articles on ideology and identity transformation among Ottoman
Greeks.
Balta, Evangelia, and Matthias Kappler, eds. Cries and Whispers in Karamanlidika
Books: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Karamanlidika Studies
(Nicosia, 11th–13th September 2008). Turcologica 83. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harras-
sowitz Verlag, 2010. This is a collection of articles on the history and literature of
the Turcophone Christians of Anatolia.
Doumanis, Nicholas. Before the Nation: Muslim-Christian Coexistence and Its Destruc-
tion in Late Ottoman Anatolia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. This is a
study on the disintegration of the cultural and social fabric mostly in western
Anatolia.
Exertzoglou, Haris. “Shifting Boundaries: Language, Community and the ‘Non-Greek-
Speaking Greeks,’” Historein 1 (1999): 75–92. This is an article on the integration of
Turkish- and Slavic-speaking Orthodox to Greek nationalism.
Ozil, Ayşe. Orthodox Christians in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Study of Communal
Relations in Anatolia. London: Routledge, 2013. This is a study of the Greek Ortho-
dox populations of northwestern Anatolia at the end of the nineteenth century.
Notes
. Carolidis, Logoi kai ypomnēmata, 18–21 (translation mine).
. Boura, “The Greek Millet in Turkish Politics.”
. The only comprehensive biography on Carolidis is Georgiadou, “Proseggisē stē zōē kai
to ergo tou Paulou Karolidē, 1849–1930.” I have also used “Biographical Notes on Pavlos Caro-
lidis.”
. For more information, see Kechriotis, “The Modernisation of the Empire and the ‘Com-
munity Privileges.’”
. Petropoulou, “Historiographical Approaches to the Ottoman Past.”
. Karamanolakis, Ē sygkrotēsē tēs istorikēs epistēmēs, 14–16 (translation mine).
. I b i d. , 1 6.
. Carolidis, Logoi kai ypomnēmata, 12.
. I bid ., 1 4–15.