Slave Soldiers and Islam_ The Genesis of a Military System - Daniel Pipes

142

Origins

KhumsoftencamefromNorthAfrica.Mfisb.Nus.ayrsent

60,000

captives

tocAbdal-Malik,30,000or40,000toal-Walid

I

in95/714,and100,000to

Sulaymn.

13

WhenCUmar

IIdidnot

receive

khums

from

Spain,

he

senthismawla

Jbir

tocollectit.

14

Khr!ii

captives

taken

by

an

expedition

in122/740ended

up

in

the

caliph’spossession?

The

caliphs

collected

captives

not

just

whentheir

forceswon

battlesand

conquered

territories;arrangements

weremadefor

thecontinuous

delivery

ofslavesby

the

subjectpeoples.

Even

someareasthatlayfully

underMuslimrulewere

compelled

to

sendslavestothecentral

authority

astributeortax.In

thisman-

ner,theMuslimrulersassuredthemselves

ofa

steadysupply

of

newslavesevenafter

the

conquests

had

stopped.

As

early

as

20/641theMuslimcommanderAmrb.

al-hs,required

thatthe

LuwtaBerbersof

Barqapay

someoftheir

poll

tax

(jizya)

in

slaves drawn from their own

people.

16

Treaties made in

cUthmn’stimewith

Merv, Zaranj,

Kirman, andanunknown

ruler inTransoxianaallincludedthe

dispatch

ofslaves?

7

In

46/666,

Uqba

b.Nafic,theMuslim

conqueror

ofNorthAfrica,

arranged

fortheFezzan

region

to

pay

360 slaves

per

annum.

TM

Similarly,al-Hajj

madea

treaty

with

Rutbil,

therulerofSi-

jistan,

inwhich thelatteragreed to supply

slavesandother

goods?

9

In114/732Hishfimreceivedfromhis

governor

in

If-

riqiya

20,000slaves, 700 slavewomen,and 700 eunuchs,prob-

ably

asa

freelygivengift.

26

(Najaf,

1389/1968),

pp.

28-29.

Jerusalem:

T,1:2036.al-Qtdisiya:T,1:2244.

al-Madfi’in:T,1:2451 52.

Jaff:l’:

T,1:2465.

Ahwaz:

T,

1:2710.

13.ToeAbdal-Malik:BM,1:40-41.30,000

toal-WafidI:ITB,1:229.40,000

toal-WafidI:NT,1:148;seealso

ar-Raqiq,p.

71.To

Sulaymfin:

Inma,2:91.

14.Ibn

al-Qfit.iya,pp.

12-13.

15.BM,1:40-41.

16.FB,pp.224-25;

Abfi

Ubayd,pp.193,238,240.

Adiscussionofthis

may

befound

in

myarticle,

"Mawlas."

17.Merv:FB,

p.

406.

Zaranj:

FB,

p.

394.Kirman:KB,

p.

286.Transoxiana:

FB,

p.

408.

18.FM,

p.

195;

Yqfit,

4:315.

19.FB,p.401;tbr

similar

deal,

seeFB,

p.

399.

20.TYa

,

2:318;FM,p.

217;

ar-Rashid,p.

15.