notes to pages 94‒100 383
Kohn (New York: NYU Press, 1991), 320–22. It is also clear that Wilson
saw preparedness as a political issue and addressed it as such, not to deter
Germany from pushing him too far. For that position, see Th ompson,
“Woodrow Wilson and World War I,” 334.
- Finnegan, Against the Specter of a Dragon , 161–63.
- Esposito, “Political and Institutional Constraints on Wilson’s Defense
Policy,” 1118.
- Esposito, “Political and Institutional Constraints on Wilson’s Defense
Policy,” 1120.
- As Th ompson points out, had Wilson backed down he would have been
humiliated personally, suff ered serious political damage, and lost all diplo-
matic credibility. Th ompson, “Woodrow Wilson and World War I,” 339.
- Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 102.
- Th ompson correctly notes that the problem of rallying broad popular
support for the war “was aggravated by the apparent triviality of the issues
at stake in the submarine dispute.” Th ompson, “Woodrow Wilson and
World War I,” 339.
- Woodrow Wilson, “War Message to Congress,” April 2, 1917, War Mes-
sages , 65th Cong., 1st Sess. Senate Doc. No. 5, Serial No. 7264, Wash-
ington, D.C., 1917, downloaded July 12, 2010 at http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/
index.php/Wilson27s_War_Message_to_Congress.
- Wilson, “War Message to Congress.”
- Trask, “American Presidency,” 310.
- President Wilson’s Message to Congress, January 8, 1918, Records of the
United States Senate, Record Group 46, National Archives, http://wwi
.lib.byu.edu/index.php/President_Wilson’s_Fourteen_Points , accessed
July 14, 2010.
- Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 164.
- Soon after the Fourteen Points speech, Wilson for the fi rst time used the
expression “self-determination,” which had been coined by Lenin and the
Bolsheviks as a device for undercutting the multiethnic empires of Europe.
Erez Manela argues persuasively that Wilson used “self-determination”
as a synonym for “consent of the governed,” a liberal ideal he had long
espoused, rather than as shorthand for the kind of sweeping anti-
imperialism and anticolonialism advocated by the Bolsheviks. See
Erez Manela, Th e Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the Interna-
tional Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2007), chap. 2.
- MacMillan, Paris 1919 , 10; Th ompson, “Woodrow Wilson and World War
I,” 343–44.
- Manela, Wilsonian Moment , chap. 2.
- David Trask, Th e AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917–1919 (Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 1993), 3.
- Finnegan, Against the Specter of a Dragon , 190–91.
