Everything Life Sciences Grade 10

7.8 Summary DUMMY

• There are 3 types of skeletons:
  
  
  1. Hydrostatic skeleton
  
  
  2. Endoskeleton
  
  
  3. Exoskeleton
  
  
  
  


• When animals moved from water to land, there was a need for the development of
  strong limbs and a skeleton to provide support to the bodies, which had previously
  been provided by water.


• Humans have an endoskeleton consisting of:
  
  
  1. Axial skeleton (cranium, facial bones, foramen magnum, palate and jaws, verte-
     bral column, rib cage and breastbone/sternum)
  
  
  2. Appendicular skeleton (pectoral girdle with arms and pelvic girdle with legs)
  
  
  
  


• Functions of the human skeleton are:
  
  
  1. Movement
  
  
  2. Protection
  
  
  3. Support
  
  
  4. Storage of minerals
  
  
  5. Hearing
  
  
  
  


• The tissues associated with the human skeleton are bone, cartilage, tendons and liga-
  ments.


• Joints
  A joint is formed when two or more bones come into contact.
  There are three types of joints:
  
  
  1. Immovable joints
  
  
  2. Partly movable joints
  
  
  3. Synovial joints (Hinge joints, ball and socket joints, pivot joints, gliding joints)
  
  
  
  


• Human locomotion requires the use and coordination of bones, joints, ligaments, ten-
  dons and antagonistic muscles.


• Muscles
  There are three types of muscle tissue:
  
  
  1. Smooth/involuntary
  
  
  2. Skeletal/voluntary
  
  
  3. Cardiac muscle
     Myofibrils are responsible for muscle contraction.
  
  
  
  


• There are many diseases that affect the skeleton, such as rickets, osteoporosis and
  arthritis.

Exercise 7 – 1: End of chapter exercises

1. Draw a table showing the three types of skeletons and provide one advantage and one
   disadvantage of each. Tabulate your answer.

216 7.8. Summary