30 ❯ STEP 2. Determine Your Test Readiness
❯ Answers and Explanations, Section I
0 1. C—(Chapter 5) The evolutionary approach looks at behaviors that have resulted from
natural selection. Natural selection operates at the population or species level; an organism
doesn’t evolve, a population or species does.
0 2. D—(Chapter 5) The humanistic approach views human nature as naturally positive
and growth seeking.
0 3. B—(Chapter 5) While both counseling and clinical psychologists treat people, only
clinical psychologists are trained to help people suffering from psychoses and other
severe mental disorders.
0 4. D—(Chapter 5) Observation of your own mental state is a characteristic of introspec-
tion, a technique used by Wundt and Titchener.
0 5. D—(Chapter 6) The form with 30 questions is a questionnaire. Questionnaires and
interviews are survey methods.
0 6. B—(Chapter 6) While people for the study can be randomly chosen from the popula-
tion, they cannot be divided into the experimental and control groups without consid-
ering their sex. If sex must be considered, the subjects cannot be randomly assigned.
0 7. E—(Chapter 6) A scatterplot shows points on a graph. The points are determined by
the values of the score on each test. For example, the score on the first test could be the
x value and the score on the final could be the y value for each student. The points form
a pattern. If, for example, the pattern extends from the lower left to the upper right of
the graph, the correlation between the first and final exams is positive.
0 8. D—(Chapter 6) Both the mean and the median are 5 for each set. Adding all scores for
each set, the sum is 25. Dividing by the number of scores (7) the mean is 5. The middle
score for each set, when put in order, is the median. Set 1 does not have a mode.
0 9. E—(Chapter 6) The mean, median, and mode are measures of centrality and do not
tell anything about variability. The range is a crude measure that can be misleading for
this set, because 32 is so different from the rest of the set. Standard deviation is a more
sensitive measure of variability.- C—(Chapter 6) A case study is a research method in which an individual or small
group is studied in depth. - E—(Chapter 6) The APA Ethics Code stresses the importance of researchers pro-
tecting their subjects from harm, obtaining potential participants’ informed consent,
keeping information about the subjects confidential, and fully debriefing the experi-
ment upon its conclusion. The guidelines provide strict direction on the morality of
experimentation in the wake of the Little Albert Study of 1920, the Monkey Drug
Trials of 1969, and Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Study of the 1960s, to name just a
few examples. - E—(Chapter 7) Functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomog-
raphy enable psychologists to see the parts of the brain that are functioning when a
subject is engaged in a particular task. An electroencephalograph enables psycholo-
gists to see patterns of brain waves, but an electrocardiogram shows heart function.
Computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging picture brain
structure rather than function. - C—(Chapter 7) The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivi-
sions of the autonomic nervous system. Whereas the sympathetic usually speeds up the
function of an organ, the parasympathetic typically slows it down. - A—(Chapter 7) A neuron is a single cell that transmits messages in our bodies. Nerves,
a reflex arc, and the brain are composed of neurons. An axon is part of a neuron.