662Suggested ReadingsAny study of the Peloponnesian Wars must begin with
Thucydides, but the modern works by D. Kagan are indispens-
able: Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War(1969), The Archidamian War
(1974), The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition(1981), and The
Fall of the Athenian Empire(1987).Chapter 3
The standard survey of Greek literature is A. Lesky, History of
Greek Literature(1966). For Greek drama, see A.W. Pickard-
Cambridge, The Dramatic Festivals of Athens,2d ed. (1968), and
H.C. Baldry, The Greek Tragic Theater(1971). Studies on the devel-
opment of historical writing include J. A. S. Evans, Herodotus
(1982) and K. Dover, Thucydides(1973). Surveys of Greek art
include M. Robertson, A History of Greek Art,2 vols. (1975) and
J. Boardman, Greek Art(1985) and A. W. Lawrence, Greek Architec-
ture,rev. ed. (1983). W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philoso-
phy,6 vols. (1962–81) is a comprehensive survey of the subject.
Substantial literature exists on politics after the Pelopon-
nesian Wars. On Athens in the fourth century B.C., see J. Ober,
Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens(1989) and J. Cargill, The Second
Athenian League(1981); for Sparta, P. Cartledge, Agesilaos and the
Crisis of Sparta(1987). The standard work on Thebes is J. Buckler,
The Theban Hegemony, 371–362 B.C.(1980). For the rise of Mace-
don, see E. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Mace-
don(1990), and R. Errington, A History of Macedonia(1990). The
career of Philip II is covered in N. Hammond, Philip of Macedon
(1994). Modern biographies of Alexander the Great include
N. G. L. Hammond, Alexander the Great(1981), and Peter Green,
Alexander of Macedon(1991).
The best general survey of Hellenistic civilization is proba-
bly F. W. Wallbank, The Hellenistic World(1993). Studies of indi-
vidual kingdoms include N. G. L. Hammond and F. Wallbank, A
History of Macedonia,vol. 3, 336–167 B.C. (1988), H. I. Bell, Egypt
from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest(1948), and O. Mork-
holm, Antiochus IV of Syria(1966). B. Bar-Kochva, The Seleucid
Army(1976) is the most current treatment of military affairs.
The dislocation of the Greeks and their impact on Egypt is dis-
cussed in A. K. Bowman, Egypt after the Pharaohs(1986) and N.
Lewis, Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt(1986).
For Hellenistic social and economic history, begin with M.
Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World,3 vols.,
2d ed. (1953), supplemented by M. I. Finley, The Ancient Economy,
2d ed. (1985). S. B. Pomeroy, Women in Hellenistic Egypt(1984) is a
valuable study. For slavery, see the appropriate sections of W. L.
Westerman, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity(1955).
Good surveys of Hellenistic higher culture include M.
Hadas, Hellenistic Culture: Fusion and Diffusion(1959) and J. Onians,
Art and Thought in the Hellenistic Age(1979). G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek
Science after Aristotle(1973) is an outstanding survey. The best sur-
vey of Hellenistic art is J. J. Pollitt, Art in the Hellenistic Age(1986).
A. A. Long, Hellenistic Philosophy(1974) is the standard survey in
its field. L. Martin, Hellenistic Religions: An Introduction(1987) is a
useful survey. Jewish resistance to hellenizing tendencies is dis-
cussed by V. Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews(1959)
and M. Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism(1974). B. Bar-Kochva, Judas
Maccabeus(1988) deals with the Maccabean revolt.
Chapter 4
The best surveys of Rome under the republic are H. H. Scullard,
History of the Roman World, 753–146 B.C.(1978) and M. H. Craw-
ford, The Roman Republic,2d ed. (1993). For the Etruscans, see M.
Pallottino, The Etruscans,rev. ed. (1975). Roman relations with
and other early Italians are covered by J. C. Meyer, Pre-Republican
Rome(1983). E. Salmon, The Making of Roman Italy(1985) exam-
ines Roman expansion in the peninsula. F. Adcock, The Roman Art
of War under the Republic,rev. ed. (1963) describes the develop-
ment of the Roman military system.
K. D. White, Roman Farming(1970) is a thorough treatment
of this important subject. Many of the works on religious and so-
cial history cover both the republic and the empire; see
J. Liebeschutz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion(1979),
J. Balsdon, Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome(1969), J. Balsdon, Roman
Women,rev. ed. (1974), F. Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome(1994),
J. F. Gardner, Women in Roman Law and Society(1986), and
S. Dixon, The Roman Family(1992). The struggle of the orders and
the evolution of Roman law are covered by R. Mitchell, Patricians
and Plebians: The Origins of the Roman State(1990), and H. Jolowicz
and B. Nicholas, Historical Introduction to Roman Law(1972).
Roman expansion under the republic is described by R. M.
Errington, The Dawn of Empire: Rome’s Rise to World Power(1971), and
W. V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome(1979), while J.
Lazenby, Hannibal’s War: A Military History of the Second Punic War
(1978) provides a detailed account of the most important of the
Carthaginian wars. A broader treatment of the crisis is found in B.
Caven, The Punic Wars(1980). The best works on Roman expan-
sion in the east are E. S. Gruen, The Hellenistic World and the Coming of
Rome,2 vols. (1984) and A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Pol-
icy in the Near East(1984). For Spain, see L. Curchin, Roman Spain:
Conquest and Assimilation(1991). The Roman method of securing
frontiers is dealt with by S. L. Dyson, The Creation of the Roman Fron-
tier(1985).Chapter 5
The best general works on the crisis of the late republic are R.
Syme, The Roman Revolution,rev. ed. (1960) and M. Beard and M.
Crawford, Rome and the Late Republic(1985). For the underlying
social crisis, see K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves(1978), P. A.
Brunt, Social Conflicts in the Late Republic(1971), and C. Nicolet, The
World of the Citizen in Republican Rome(1980). D. Stockton, The
Gracchi(1979) and A. H. Bernstein, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus:
Tradition and Apostasy(1978) are standard works on the reformers.
A. Keaveney, Sulla: The Last Republican(1983) deals with a re-
former of a different kind. A. Eckstein, Senate and Generals(1987)
analyzes the role of the army in Roman domestic and foreign af-
fairs. E. S. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic(1971)
provides an overview of the end. The best work on Caesar is M.
Gelzer, Caesar: Politician and Statesman(1968). A. H. N. Jones, Au-
gustusis a good short summary.
For surveys on the history of the early Roman Empire, see
C. Wells, The Roman Empire(1984), P. Garnsey and R. Saller, The
Roman Empire: Economy, Society, and Culture(1987), and J. Wacher,
The Roman Empire(1987).