Suggested Readings663The most useful survey of Roman art is D. E. Strong, Roman
Art(1976). On architecture, see J. B. Ward-Perkins, Roman Imper-
ial Architecture(1981). R. M. Ogilvie, Roman Literature and Society
(1980) offers a broad general survey.
The economy of the Roman Empire is covered by R. Duncan-
Jones, The Economy of the Roman Empire: Quantitative Studies,2d ed.
(1982). T. Frank, An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome,vols. 2–5
(1933–40) is uneven but still useful. A number of excellent works
are available on social history, including R. MacMullen, Roman
Social Relations, 50 B.C. to A.D. 284(1981), P. Garnsey, Social Status and
Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire(1970), R. P. Saller, Personal Patronage
under the Early Empire(1982), and K. Bradley, Slaves and Masters in
the Roman Empire(1988). Town life is memorably described by
J. Carcoppino, Daily Life in Ancient Rome,rev. ed. (1975) and by
T. Africa, Rome of the Caesars(1965).
Chapter 6
J. Lebreton and J. Zeiller, History of the Primitive Church,3 vols.
(1962) is a survey of early church history from the Catholic
point of view. H. Lietzmann, History of the Early Church,2 vols.
(1961) offers a Protestant point of view. Works on the origins
and spread of Christianity include T. Barnes, Christianity and the
Roman Empire(1984), S. Benko, Pagan Rome and Early Christians
(1985), W. Frend, The Rise of Christianity(1984), and R. Mac-
Mullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire(1984). The lives of both
Christian and pagan women are explored in G. Clark, Women in
Late Antiquity: Pagan and Christian Life Styles(1993).
A rich literature exists on the Roman army and the problem
of imperial defense. See L. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army
(1984), and J. B. Campbell, The Emperor and the Roman Army
(1984). Strategy and policy are covered in E. Luttwak, The Grand
Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century A.D. to the Third
(1976), and S. L. Dyson, The Creation of the Roman Frontier(1985).
The broader subject of Rome’s decline and the collapse of
the west was first described in E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire(1776). More modern surveys include A. H. M.
Jones, The Decline of the Ancient World(1966), A. H. M. Jones, The
Later Roman Empire(1964), F. Walbank, The Awful Revolution(1969),
and A. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire(1993). On Diocletian’s
reforms, see S. Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery(1985)
and T. D. Barnes, The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine
(1982); for Constantine, R. MacMullan, Constantine(1969) and
M. Grant, Constantine the Great: The Man and His Times(1993). The
last years of the Roman west are described in E. A. Thompson,
Romans and Barbarians(1982), and A. Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman
Empire: The Military Explanation(1983).
The religious and intellectual life of the fourth and fifth
centuries is described by P. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity
(1971). His Augustine of Hippo(1969) is also the best biography of
that central figure. On St. Benedict and the beginnings of west-
ern monasticism, see O. Chadwick, The Making of the Benedictine
Ideal(1981).
Chapter 7
Brief introductions to Byzantine history may be found in J. Nor-
wich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries(1989), S. Runciman, ByzantineCivilization (1956), H. Haussig, A History of Byzantine Civilization
(1971), and C. Mango, Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome (1980).
R. Browning, Justinian and Theodora,2d ed. (1987) is the standard
treatment of the reign. For church history, see J. Hussey, The Or-
thodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (1986). The early history of
the Slavs is covered by Z. Vana, The World of the Ancient Slavs
(1983), and A. Vlasto, The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom (1970).
Surveys dealing with the early history of Islam include G.
von Grunebaum, Classical Islam: A History, 600–1250 (1970), H.
Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near
East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Centuries (1986), and J. Saunders, A
History of Medieval Islam (1965). For social history in the Islamic
world, see E. Ashtor, A Social and Economic History of the Near East in
the Middle Ages (1976) and M. Ahsan, Social Life under the Abbasids
(1979). Islamic art and architecture are covered by O. Graber,
The Formation of Islamic Art,2d ed. (1987). The best introductions
to Muslim thought are O. Leamon, An Introduction to Medieval Is-
lamic Philosophy (1985) and M. Fakhry, History of Islamic Philosophy,
2d ed. (1983).
The best surveys of Europe in the early Middle Ages are R.
Collins, Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000 (1991), and J. Wallace-
Hadrill, The Barbarian West,rev. ed. (1985). On the papacy in
this period, see J. Richards, The Popes and the Papacy in the Early
Middle Ages (1979). For the invasions and their impact, see
L. Musset, The German Invasions (1975), W. Goffart, Barbarians
and Romans, A.D. 418–554: The Techniques of Accommodation(1980),
and P. Geary, Before France and Germany (1988). On England,
F. Stanton, Anglo-Saxon England,rev. ed. (1947) is comprehen-
sive. For Ireland as a center of missionary Christianity, see
L. Bitel, Isle of the Saints: Monastic Settlement and Christian Community
in Early Ireland (1990).
The standard surveys of Carolingian history are H. Fichte-
nau, The Carolingian Empire (1957), D. Bullough, The Age of Charle-
magne (1966), and J. McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the
Carolingians, 751–987 (1983). For Charlemagne, see H. Loyn and
R. Percival, The Reign of Charlemagne (1976). Carolingian society is
described in P. Riché, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne (1978)
and in S. Wemple, Women in Frankish Society: Marriage and the Cloister
(1981). The Carolingian Renaissance is described in P. Riché,
Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the
Eighth Century (1976).Chapter 8
The age of the great raids is surveyed by G. Barraclough, The
Crucible of Europe: The Ninth and Tenth Centuries in European History
(1976) and E. James, The Origins of France: From Clovis to the
Capetians(1982). For the Vikings, see G. Jones, A History of the
Vikings,rev. ed. (1984) and F. Logan, The Vikings in History,2d ed.
(1991). In P. Suger and others, A History of Hungary(1990), chap-
ters 1–3 deal with the Magyars and early Hungary in general.
Military issues are covered by P. Contamine, War in the Middle
Ages(1984) and J. Beeler, War in Feudal Europe(1991). Three out-
standing studies on the emergence of medieval institutions in
general are R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages,rev. ed.
(1973), M. Bloch, Feudal Society(1961), and G. Duby, The Early
Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the First to