664Suggested Readingsthe Twelfth Century(1974). For feudalism, see F. Ganshof, Feudalism
(1952). More suggested readings on the evolution of feudalism
and chivalry and readings on the life and work of a medieval
manor are found in chapter 11.
The Celtic portion of the nonfeudal world is covered in D.
Walker, Medieval Wales(1990), R. Davies, Domination and Conquest:
The Experience of Scotland and Wales(1990), and A. Cosgrove, ed., A
New History of Ireland, 1169–1534,vol. 2 (1993). The best work on
medieval Spain is J. O’Callaghan, Medieval Spain(1975).
A vast literature can be found on the feudal monarchies. For
England, see R. Brown, The Normans and the Norman Conquest,2d
ed. (1986), and R. Frame, The Political Development of the British Isles,
1100–1400(1990). W. L. Warren, Henry II(1973) is a good biog-
raphy. D. C. Holt, Magna Carta(1965) deals with the circum-
stances surrounding that extraordinary document. R. Turner,
King John(1994) provides a balanced view of a controversial fig-
ure. Developments in France are covered by J. Dunbabin, France
in the Making, 843–1180(1985) and E. M. Hallam, Capetian France,
987–1328(1980). For feudalism in Germany, see B. Arnold, Ger-
man Knighthood 1050–1300(1985). H. Fuhrmann, Germany in the
High Middle Ages c. 1050–1250(1986) provides a good general ac-
count of feudal Germany. On Hildegard of Bingen, see S. Flana-
gan, Hildegard of Bingen(1989).
Chapter 9
The Cluniac movement is covered by H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Clu-
niacs and the Gregorian Reform(1970). On the background of the in-
vestiture crisis, see K. Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the
Western Church 300–1140(1969). A number of studies on the evo-
lution of the medieval papacy are also useful, including C. Mor-
ris, The Papal Monarchy(1989), and I. Robinson, The Papacy
(1990). For the issue of clerical celibacy, see A. Barstow, Married
Priests and the Reforming Papacy(1982).
W. Ullman, Law and Politics in the Middle Ages(1975) discusses
the development of canon law. Monastic reform is described in
B. Bolton, The Medieval Reformation(1983). On the great cathe-
drals see G. Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society,
980–1420(1981).
Works that deal with the Iberian reconquest include G.
Jackson, The Making of Medieval Spain(1971), and A. Mackay,
Spain in the Middle Ages(1977). The Normans in Sicily and else-
where are the subject of J. le Patourel, The Norman Empire(1976),
D. Douglas, The Norman Achievement(1969), and R. Brown, The
Normans(1983). The literature on the Crusades is rich. H. E.
Mayer, The Crusades(1972) and J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A
Short History(1987) are good surveys. There is also a multivol-
ume work, edited by K. M. Setton, A History of the Crusades
(1955–77). Medieval attitudes toward the Jews are covered by
R. Chazan in European Jewry and the First Crusade(1987), Church,
State, and the Jew in the Middle Ages(1980), and Daggers of Faith: Thir-
teenth Century Christian Missionizing and Jewish Response(1989). J.
Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World(1972) is a broad general sur-
vey. For attitudes toward homosexuals, see J. Boswell, Christianity,
Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality(1980).
General surveys of medieval thought are provided by D.
Knowles, The Evolution of Medieval Thought(1962) and A. Murray,
Reason and Society in the Middle Ages(1978). For the intellectual re-
newal of the twelfth century and the crisis it provoked, see the
classic by C. H. Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
(1957). For the heresies of the twelfth century, see R. I. Moore,
The Origins of European Dissent(1977), and J. Strayer, The Albigensian
Crusades(1971). For the Inquisition, B. Hamilton, The Medieval In-
quisition(1981), while the rise of the mendicant orders is de-
scribed by R. Brooke, The Coming of the Friars(1975). The classic
work on medieval universities is H. Rashdall, The Universities of Eu-
rope in the Middle Ages,3 vols. (1936), but see also A. Cobban, The
Medieval Universities(1975) and S. Ferruolo, The Origin of the Univer-
sities(1985). For scholasticism, see J. W. Baldwin, The Scholastic
Culture of the Middle Ages, 100–1300(1971). The best analysis of
Aquinas’s thought is in F. Copleston, Aquinas(1965); whose A
History of Philosophy, vols. 2 and 3 (1963) provide a useful analysis
of the other scholastics including Scotus and Ockham.
Chapter 10
For medieval technology, see L. White, Medieval Technology and
Social Change (1962), J. Gimpel, The Medieval Machine (1976), and
J. Langdon, Horses, Oxen, and Technological Innovation (1986). B.
Slicher van Bath, Agrarian History of Western Europe: A.D. 500–1850
(1963), C. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society
and Economy, 1000–1700 (1976), G. Hodgett, A Social and Economic
History of Medieval Europe (1974), and G. Duby, The Early Growth of
the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the
Twelfth Century (1978) provide broad general surveys of agricul-
tural developments. The standard work on the revival of trade is
R. S. Lopez, The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950–1350
(1970).
On the Italian cities, see J. K. Hyde, Society and Politics in Me-
dieval Italy, 1000–1350 (1973), D. Waley, The Italian City Republics
(1969), D. Herlihy, Cities and Society in Medieval Italy (1980), and
G. Tabacco, The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy, 400–1400 (1989).
Most studies of town life focus on the later Middle Ages
and Renaissance when documentation became more consistent,
but many of their conclusions are valid for earlier periods as
well. The basic social structures had changed little since the
thirteenth century. J. Gies and F. Gies, Life in a Medieval City
(1969) offers a good, popular portrait of urban life. Among the
better monographs are M. Howell, Women, Production, and Patri-
archy in Late Medieval Cities (1986), D. Nicholas, The Domestic Life of
a Medieval City: Women, Children, and the Family in Fourteenth-Century
Ghent (1985), and a host of works on the Italian towns, including
D. Herlihy, The Family in Renaissance Italy (1974), S. Cohn, The La-
boring Classes in Florence (1980), F. Kent, Neighbors and Neighborhoods
in Renaissance Florence: The District of the Red Lion in the Fifteenth Century
(1982), and D. Romano, Patricians and Popolani: The Social Founda-
tions of the Venetian Renaissance State (1987).Chapter 11
A basic work, J. C. Russell, The Control of Late Ancient and Medieval
Populations (1985), covers diet, disease, and demography.
For the role of epidemic disease, see W. H. McNeill, Plagues and
Peoples (1976). S. Rubin, Medieval English Medicine (1974), B. Row-
land, Medieval Woman’s Guide to Health (1981).
For castles, see W. Anderson, Castles in Europe (1970),
N. J. G. Pounds, The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social