666Suggested ReadingsChapter 14
The problems of the late medieval church are best summarized
in F. Oakley, The Western Church in the Later Middle Ages(1979). A
study of the papacy at Avignon is Y. Renouard, The Avignon Pa-
pacy, 1305–1403(1970). On the Great Schism, see W. Ullmann,
Origins of the Great Schism(1949). The conciliar movement is ana-
lyzed in F. Oakley, Natural Law, Conciliarism, and Consent in the Late
Middle Ages(1984). A good survey of the papacy is J. A. F.
Thompson, Popes and Princes, 1417–1517: Politics and Polity in the Late
Medieval Church(1980). A. Kenny, Wyclif(1985) is a good intro-
duction to the English heretic. For Hus and the Hussites, see M.
Spinka, John Hus: A Biography(1979) and H. Kaminsky, A History
of the Hussite Revolution(1967).
Good biographies of Luther include R. Bainton, Here I Stand:
A Life of Martin Luther(1950), the more modern J. Kittelson, Luther
the Reformer(1986), and the revisionist work by H. Oberman,
Luther: Man between God and Devil(1992).
G. H. Williams, The Radical Reformation(1962, 1991) is a
comprehensive account that covers Anabaptists, Spiritualists,
and Antitrinitarians. See also the shorter M. Mullett, Radical Reli-
gious Movements in Early Modern Europe(1980). The most accessible
biography of Zwingli is probably G. Potter, Zwingli(1976). A.
McGrath, A Life of John Calvin(1990) is a good introduction. See
also the brilliant, if somewhat difficult, study by W. Bousma,
John Calvin(1988) and W. Monter, Calvin’s Geneva(1967). On the
English Reformation, the interpretation of G. Dickens, The Eng-
lish Reformation(1964) has been challenged, among others, by J. J.
Scarisbricke, The Reformation and the English People(1984). The best
biography of Henry VIII remains J. J. Scarisbricke, Henry VIII
(1968); for Cranmer, see D. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer(1996).
The most reliable study on Mary is by D. Loades, The Reign of
Mary Tudor(1979).
Good surveys of the Catholic Reformation include G.
Dickens, The Counter Reformation(1969), M. O’Connell, The
Counter Reformation, 1559–1610(1974), and L. Chatellier, The Europe
of the Devout: The Catholic Reformation and the Formation of a New Society
(1989). See also the important revisionist interpretation of J.
Delumeau, Catholicism from Luther to Voltaire(1977).
On the consequences of reform, G. Strauss, Luther’s House of
Learning(1978) has proved as controversial as the views of
Delumeau. For the effect of the Reformation on women and the
family, see S. Ozment, When Father’s Ruled: Family Life in Reformation
Europe(1983), M. Wiesner, Working Women in Renaissance Germany
(1986), L. Roper, Work, Marriage, and Sexuality: Women in Reforma-
tion Augsburg(1985), and J. Irwin, Womanhood in Radical Protes-
tantism, 1525–1675(1989). For popular culture and its struggles,
see P. Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe(1978), and M.
Mullett, Popular Culture and Popular Protest in Late Medieval and Early
Modern Europe(1986). B. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern
Europe(1987) is a broad survey of the witch persecutions.
Chapter 15
Standard introductions to the history of European expansion
overseas are J. H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Explo-
ration, and Settlement, 1450–1650(1963, 1981) and G. Scammell,
The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires, c.
800–1650(1981). Portuguese expansion is described in B. Diffie
and G. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580
(1979) and C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825
(1969). Among the best biographies of Columbus are S. Mori-
son, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus(1942)
and F. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus(1991). The best overall de-
scriptions of the Spanish imperial system are still C. H. Haring,
The Spanish Empire in America(1947), and C. Gibson, Spain in Amer-
ica(1966).
The standard biography of Charles V is K. Brandi, The Em-
peror Charles V(1939). M. Rady, The Emperor Charles V(1988) is a
brief, but useful, handbook. For good general histories of Spain
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, see J. H. Elliott, Impe-
rial Spain(1963) and J. Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs,vol. 1, 2d
ed. (1981). Good studies of Philip II and his reign include H.
Kamen, Philip of Spain(1997), P. Pierson, Philip II of Spain(1975),
and G. Parker, Philip II(1978).
The best surveys of the French Wars of Religion are proba-
bly M. Holt, The French Wars of Religion(1993) and J. H. M.
Salmon, Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century(1975). The
best account of the revolt of the Netherlands is G. Parker, The
Dutch Revolt(1977), but see also P. Geyl, The Revolt of the Nether-
lands,2d ed. (1966) and A. Duke, Reformation and Revolt in the Low
Countries(1990). English foreign policy in this era is described by
R. B. Wernham, Before the Armada(1966). A vast literature exists
on the Spanish Armada of 1588. The classic G. Mattingly, The
Armada(1959) and C. Martin and G. Parker, The Spanish Armada
(1988) are excellent. On Elizabeth I, see W. MacCaffrey,
Elizabeth I(1993), and S. Bassnett, Elizabeth I: A Feminist Perspective
(1988). The most reliable treatment of the Thirty Years’ War is
G. Parker, The Thirty Years’ War(1984). For Gustav Adolph, see
M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus and the Rise of Sweden(1975). The
literature on the English civil wars is enormous. Begin with
L. Stone, The Causes of the English Revolution(1972) and C. Russell,
The Causes of the English Civil War(1990), then see R. Ashton, The
English Civil War: Conservatism and Revolution, 1604–1649(1976) and
M. Kishlansky: The Rise of the New Model Army(1979). Among the
better works on Cromwell are C. Hill, God’s Englishman: Oliver
Cromwell and the English Revolution(1976), and R. Howell, Cromwell
(1977).
To understand the military history of the sixteenth and sev-
enteenth centuries, begin with J. R. Hale, War and Society in Re-
naissance Europe, 1450–1620(1985) and two enlightening special
studies, G. Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road,
1567–1659(1972) and J. Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys: Chang-
ing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century
(1975). G. Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the
Rise of the West, 1500–1800(1988) provides a global perspective.Chapter 16
Good surveys of the scientific revolution include A. R. Hall, The
Revolution in Science, 1500–1700(1983), and A. Debus, Man and Na-
ture in the Renaissance (1978). For the occult and hermetic tradi-
tions, see W. Shumaker, The Occult Sciences in the Renaissance: A
Study in Intellectual Patterns (1985). Medieval ideas on cosmology