Suggested Readings667may be found in P. Duhem, Medieval Cosmology: Theories of Infinity,
Place, Time, Void, and the Plurality of Worlds (1985), a condensation
of the ten-volume original. For astrology, see E. Garin, Astrology
in the Renaissance: The Zodiac of Life (1983).
Copernicus stands at the beginning of modern cosmology.
See E. Rosen, Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution (1984) and
T. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Develop-
ment of Western Thought (1971). A. Koestler, The Sleepwalkers: A His-
tory of Man’s Changing Vision of the Universe (1959) is a broad, often
ironic, survey. A vast literature exists on Galileo; the works of
S. Drake, Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography (1978), Galileo
(1980), and Galileo: Pioneer Scientist (1990) are standards. On New-
ton, see R. Westfall, The Life of Isaac Newton (1993). The develop-
ment of medicine is surveyed by W. Wightman, The Emergence of
Scientific Medicine (1971). M. Jacobs, The Cultural Meaning of the Sci-
entific Revolution (1988) and L. Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?
Women in the Origins of Modern Science (1989) are useful essays on
science as an intellectual movement.
On the expansion of the northern powers, see C. R. Boxer,
The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800 (1965) and R. Davis, English
Overseas Trade, 1500–1700 (1973). J. Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise,
Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (1995) is a monumental survey, and
S. Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Intepretation of Dutch Culture
in the Golden Age (1987) is an ambitious study of Dutch culture.
J. Black describes military changes in European Warfare,
1660–1815 (1994) and A Military Revolution? Military Change and Eu-
ropean Society, 1550–1800 (1991). On the reorganization of the
state in France, see M. Greengrass, France in the Age of Henri IV:
The Struggle for Stability (1984), and D. Parker, The Making of French
Absolutism (1983). See also R. Knecht, Richelieu (1991), and the
insightful essay by J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (1984).
J. Collum, The State in Early Modern France (1995) is a recent
overview. J. B. Wolf, Louis XIV (1968) and O. Bernier, Louis XIV
(1988) are good studies of the Sun King. For a survey of the
German-speaking states, see M. Hughes, Early Modern Germany,
1477–1806 (1992). The standard work on the Austrian Empire is
R. J. W. Evans, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700
(1979); on Prussia, see F. Carsten, The Origins of Prussia (1954)
and H. Rosenberg, Bureaucracy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy: The
Prussian Experience, 1660–1815 (1966). Good studies of Peter the
Great include M. Anderson, Peter the Great (1978), and the popu-
lar R. Massie, Peter the Great (1980). For the English politics, see
R. Hutton, The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England
and Wales, 1658–1667(1985) and J. R. Jones, Country and Court:
England, 1658–1714 (1978). R. Hutton, Charles II (1989) is a good
biography.Chapter 17
For broad overviews of the eighteenth-century economy, see
J. H. Clapham and others, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of
Europe, 10 vols. (1941–89) and C. Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Eco-
nomic History of Europe, 6 vols. (1972–76). Compare these with the
more recent R. Floud and D. McCloskey, eds., The Economic His-
tory of Britain since 1700,2 vols. (1993), which is highly statistical,
and C. H. Lee, The British Economy since 1700 (1986), which gives a
broader view. R. Forster, ed., European Society in the Eighteenth Cen-
tury(1967) is an exceptional collection of contemporary read-
ings on both social and economic topics.Chapter 18
For a general social history of the Old Regime, the masterwork
is F. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century,3 vols.,
especially vol. 1, The Structures of Everyday Life(1985). For demo-
graphic studies and population, see M. W. Flinn, The European
Demographic System, 1500–1820(1981), the standard work on west-
ern Europe; M. Anderson, Population Change in Northwestern Europe,
1750–1850(1988); For sickness and disease, see the pertinent
chapters in W. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples(1976), the pioneering
work in this field; For the history of the family, see M. Ander-
son, Approaches to the History of the Western Family(1980), an excel-
lent introduction; The most helpful general works for the
history of women included an excellent anthology by S. G. Bell
and K. M. Offen, eds., Women, the Family, and Freedom,2 vols.
(1983), B. Anderson and J. Zinsser, A History of Their Own: Women
in Europe from Prehistory to the Present,2 vols. (1988).Chapter 19
Good survey histories of the Old Regime can be found in
W. Doyle, The Old Order, 1660–1800(1978), M. S. Anderson, Europe
in the Eighteenth Century,2d ed. (1976), I. Woloch, Eighteenth-Century
Europe(1982), G. Rudé Europe in the Eighteenth Century: Aristocracy and the
Bourgeois Challenge(1972), and O. Hufton, Europe: Privilege and Protest,
1730–1789(1980). The volumes in The Rise of Modern Europeseries
edited by W. Langer are now dated but remain helpful on many
subjects; see W. L. Dorn, Competition for Empire, 1740–1763(1940) and
L. Gershoy, From Despotism to Revolution, 1763–1789(1944).Chapter 20
For overviews of the Enlightenment, see the works of
P. Gay, especially his The Enlightenment: An Interpretation,2 vols.
(1966–69) and The Party of Humanity: Essays in the French Enlighten-
ment(1964); N. Hampson, The Enlightenment(1968); E. Cassirer,
The Philosophy of the Enlightenment(1951); and P. Hazard, European
Thought in the Eighteenth Century from Montesquieu to Lessing(1963). See
also the essays in R. Porter and M. Teich, eds., The Enlightenment in
National Context(1981); R. Anchor, The Enlightenment Tradition
(1967); J. Cottingham, The Rationalists(1988).Chapter 21
One of the best overviews of the era remains R. R. Palmer,
The Age of the Democratic Revolution, 1760–1800, 2 vols. (1959–64);
the classic French account, sympathetic to the revolution, is
G. Lefebvre, The French Revolution,2 vols. (1962), which has been
challenged by more recent works such as F. Furet, Interpreting the
French Revolution(1981) and W. Doyle, The Oxford History of the
French Revolution(1988). Good recent introductions include
D. Sutherland, France, 1789–1815 (1985), M. Vovelle, The Fall of
the French Monarchy, 1787–1792 (1984), and A. Forrest, The French
Revolution(1995). For an overview of arguments about the revo-
lution see F. Kafker and J. Laux, The French Revolution: Conflicting
Interpretations,4th ed. (1989).