The Civil Rights Movement Revised Edition

Further Reading 169

Sing for Freedom(1990), Highlander music director Guy Carawan and

Candie Carawan collect songs that made the movement.

Clayborne Carson, In Struggle(1981), provides a balanced study of

SNCC, while Howard Zinn’s SNCC(1964), and Jack Newfield, A Prophetic

Minority(1966), capture the fervor of the young militants.

James Findley, Church People in the Struggle(1993), examines the close

relationship between the National Council of Churches, the largest Protestant

ecumenical organization, and the civil rights movement.

For important organizational journals, see The Crisis(NAACP), Opportunity

(Urban League), Fellowship(FOR), Southern Frontier(CIC), New South

(SRC), Southern Patriot (SCHW), Student Voice (SNCC), CORElater

(CORE), Muhammad Speaks(NOI), and Black Panther(BPP).

See David Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.(1981), Kenneth

O’Reilly, ‘Racial Matters’ (1989), and Richard Gid Powers, Secrecy and

Power(1987), for J. Edgar Hoover’s war on black America.

Black Power

Any study of black power in America must begin with its foremost modern

champion. See Malcolm X’s searing autobiography, ghostwritten by Alex

Haley (1965), and a brilliant biography by Peter Goldman, The Death and

Life of Malcolm X(1979). George Breitman, By Any Means Necessary

(1970), reprints Malcolm’s speeches and interviews. James Baldwin, The Fire

Next Time(1963), angrily condemns the racial state of America and finds

Malcolm’s ideology attractive. Michael Eric Dyson lucidly analyzes the con-

temporary legacy of Malcolm X in Making Malcolm(1995).

A Caribbean/Algerian radical named Frantz Fanon also inspired black

nationalists in The Wretched of the Earth(1963). Stokely Carmichael and

Charles Hamilton, Black Power(1967), define the potent term and criticize

interracial coalitions. The changed mood is expressed in Robert Williams,

Negroes with Guns(1962), Floyd McKissick’s Genocide USA(1967), and

Julius Lester, Look Out, Whitey!(1968). See Timothy Tyson’s Radio Free

Dixie(1999), for a look at the radicalism of Robert Williams. Black Panther

leaders Huey Newton, Revolutionary Suicide(1973), Bobby Seale, Seize the

Time(1968), and H. Rap Brown, Die Nigger Die!(1969), describe the party’s

philosophy. Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther(1991), studies Huey

Newton’s topsy-turvy life. Two BPP histories are Michael Newton, Bitter Grain

(1991), and Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther(1994). Cleveland

Sellers, The River of No Return(1973), is the life story of an SNCC militant.

Herbert Haines, Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream(1988),

finds that white support for civil rights grew as black radicalism emerged.

William Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon(1992), is a comprehensive

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