Further Reading 169
Sing for Freedom(1990), Highlander music director Guy Carawan and
Candie Carawan collect songs that made the movement.
Clayborne Carson, In Struggle(1981), provides a balanced study of
SNCC, while Howard Zinn’s SNCC(1964), and Jack Newfield, A Prophetic
Minority(1966), capture the fervor of the young militants.
James Findley, Church People in the Struggle(1993), examines the close
relationship between the National Council of Churches, the largest Protestant
ecumenical organization, and the civil rights movement.
For important organizational journals, see The Crisis(NAACP), Opportunity
(Urban League), Fellowship(FOR), Southern Frontier(CIC), New South
(SRC), Southern Patriot (SCHW), Student Voice (SNCC), CORElater
(CORE), Muhammad Speaks(NOI), and Black Panther(BPP).
See David Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.(1981), Kenneth
O’Reilly, ‘Racial Matters’ (1989), and Richard Gid Powers, Secrecy and
Power(1987), for J. Edgar Hoover’s war on black America.
Black Power
Any study of black power in America must begin with its foremost modern
champion. See Malcolm X’s searing autobiography, ghostwritten by Alex
Haley (1965), and a brilliant biography by Peter Goldman, The Death and
Life of Malcolm X(1979). George Breitman, By Any Means Necessary
(1970), reprints Malcolm’s speeches and interviews. James Baldwin, The Fire
Next Time(1963), angrily condemns the racial state of America and finds
Malcolm’s ideology attractive. Michael Eric Dyson lucidly analyzes the con-
temporary legacy of Malcolm X in Making Malcolm(1995).
A Caribbean/Algerian radical named Frantz Fanon also inspired black
nationalists in The Wretched of the Earth(1963). Stokely Carmichael and
Charles Hamilton, Black Power(1967), define the potent term and criticize
interracial coalitions. The changed mood is expressed in Robert Williams,
Negroes with Guns(1962), Floyd McKissick’s Genocide USA(1967), and
Julius Lester, Look Out, Whitey!(1968). See Timothy Tyson’s Radio Free
Dixie(1999), for a look at the radicalism of Robert Williams. Black Panther
leaders Huey Newton, Revolutionary Suicide(1973), Bobby Seale, Seize the
Time(1968), and H. Rap Brown, Die Nigger Die!(1969), describe the party’s
philosophy. Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther(1991), studies Huey
Newton’s topsy-turvy life. Two BPP histories are Michael Newton, Bitter Grain
(1991), and Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther(1994). Cleveland
Sellers, The River of No Return(1973), is the life story of an SNCC militant.
Herbert Haines, Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream(1988),
finds that white support for civil rights grew as black radicalism emerged.
William Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon(1992), is a comprehensive
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