scholarship, 12, 30, 203, 204
See alsoOttoman Empire
Mysterium arcanum, 242
Mythology, 222–223, 226, 235, 238,
265, 288
N
Naples (Italy), 42, 50, 140, 225–226
conquests, 23–24, 75, 123–124,
169, 176, 279
See alsoPapal States
Nation-states, 70
See alsoCity-states, Italian; Re-
publics
Native Americans, 183–184, 244,
292
Naturalis Historia(Natural History,
Pliny the Elder), 259–260
Navarre, 50, 73
Neapolitan style, 225
Neoplatonism, 19, 49, 109, 126,
205–206, 226–227, 258
Netherlands, 15–16, 78, 201, 204–
205, 227–228, 250, 325
See alsoFlemish school; Hol-
land; Low Countries
Nevsky, Alexander, 276
New Atlantis(Bacon), 38
New Laws (Charles V), 183–184
New Spain.SeeMexico
Newton, Sir Isaac, 22, 34, 204, 228,
260
Nicholas V (pope), 78, 229, 273
Nicholas of Cusa, 228
Nicopolis, Battle of, 161, 233
Ninety-five Theses, 102, 192, 283
Ninfale Fiesolano(Boccaccio), 43
Nobles, 13, 14, 76, 112, 140, 263
Nogarola, Isotta, 229–230
Normandy, 313
Normans, 225
Nostradamus, 32, 230–231
Novara, Battle of, 287
Novgorod (Russia), 276
Núñez de Balboa, Vasco, 256
O
Oath of Supremacy, 104
Ockeghem, Johannes, 220, 227
Of Learned Ignorance(Nicholas of
Cusa), 228
Oil painting, 16, 238, 315
Ojeda, Alonso, 321
On Anatomical Procedures(Galen),
208
On Architecture(Vitruvius), 27,
324
On Noble Customs(Vergerio), 111–
112
On the Laws of War and Peace
(Grotius), 148–149
On the Revolutions(Copernicus),
87, 88
Operas, 218, 221, 301
Opus Paramirum(Paracelsus), 242
Oration on the Dignity of Man
(Pico della Mirandola), 160
Order of Aviz, 35
Order of Discalced Sisters, 300,
301
Order of Teutonic Knights, 263
Ordonez, Bartolomé, 225
Orellana, Francisco de, 119
L’Orfeo(Monteverdi), 218, 221
Orisini family, 23, 206
Orlando Furioso(Ariosto), 29, 107
Os Lusiades(Camoes), 63, 64
Ottoman Empire, 147, 198, 222,
233–234, 253, 256, 296–297
conquests, 12, 77, 121, 145,
161, 222, 319
defeat of, 154, 167, 189, 250,
261
Ovid, 40, 77, 89, 189, 222, 234–235
Oxford Calculators, 203P
Padua (Italy), 14, 189, 198, 208, 318
Paganism, 12, 49, 222–223, 238,
265
Painting, 21, 47, 225, 237–239,
305, 314–315
See alsoCeiling painting;
Fresco painting; Oil painting;
Perspective
Palazzo Caprini, 53
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da,
221, 239
Palladio, Andrea, 27, 175, 239–240,
319, 320
Pantagruel(Rabelais), 267
Papacy, 68–70, 91, 240–241
Holy Roman Empire and, 101,
168, 169
rejection of, 62, 165, 192, 271,
272, 331
threats to, 15, 256, 280, 281,
318
See alsoAntipopes; Great
Schism
Papal States, 168, 173, 241, 245,
273
Paracelsus, 241–242
Paradise Lost(Milton), 216–217
Pare, Ambroise, 207
Paris (France), 76, 122, 133, 209Parnassus(Raphael), 269
Parr, Catherine, 158, 242–243
Paul III (pope), 243–244, 271, 273
Paul IV (pope), 165, 244–245
Pavia, Battle of, 82, 99, 124, 132,
153, 157
See alsoTreaty of Cambrai
Pazzi Conspiracy, 206, 245–246
Peace of Alais, 111
Peace of Augsburg, 74, 102, 153,
245, 302
Peace of Lodi, 145, 198, 287
Peace of Madrid, 74
Peace of Prague, 303
Peace of Saint Germain, 209
Peace of Westphalia, 303, 316
Peasant Dance;Peasant Wedding
Feast(Brueghel, Pieter, elder), 55
Peasants War, 192, 246
Penitential Brothers of Spain, 126
Perseus Holding the Head of Me-
dusa(Cellini), 71
Perspective, 15, 130, 188, 246–247,
284
in architecture, 27, 56
in painting, 21, 67, 198, 203,
238–239, 252, 306, 311, 319
Perugino, 247–248, 270, 320
Peter the Great (tsar, Russia), 277
Petrarch, 11, 77, 159–160, 189,
222, 248–249
influence of, 40, 43, 128, 295
Petrucci family, 291
Philip I (the Handsome, king,
Spain), 73, 174, 228
Philip II (king, Spain), 26, 153–
154, 249–251
conquests, 36, 262
fight against Protestantism,
271, 292, 300
wars, 74, 106, 113, 115, 124,
245
Philosopher’s stone, 22
Philosophy, 237–238, 242
ancient, 14, 226–227
medieval, 12, 226–227, 251,
258–259, 271–272
natural, 30–31, 88, 115
new, 69, 109
See alsoHumanism
Physicians, 207–208, 242
Physicists, 16
Picardy (France), 205
Piccinino, Jacopo, 123
Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, 35, 153
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni,
128, 172, 185, 206, 251–252, 281
philosophy of, 12, 33, 160, 227,
259
De Pictura(Alberti), 21Index