Chronology of American Indian History

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against Spanish rule 12 years before (see entry for
AUGUST 10–12, 1680). Seeing the population
weakened by droughts and Navajo (Dineh) and
Apache raiders, Vargas sets about recolonizing the
region. Over the next four years, he will succeed in
reclaiming all of the Pueblo villages for New Spain.
Aside from one unsuccessful rebellion (see entry for
JUNE 4, 1696), the Pueblo offer little resistance to
renewed Spanish rule. The Spanish offer the Pueblo
protection from their Indian enemies, and, learning
from the 1680 revolt, they are now less intolerant of
Indian religious practices.

1695

The Akimel O’odham (Pima) destroy
Spanish missions.
After establishing missions among the Akimel
O’odham (Pima) of present-day Arizona, the
Spanish incur the Indians’ wrath by their ill-treat-
ment of their leaders. When the enraged Akimel
O’odham kill three Christian Indians and a mis-
sionary, the Spanish retaliate by murdering some
50 Akimel O’odham, most of whom had nothing
to do with the initial attack. The Akimel O’odham
respond by destroying the missions at Tubutama
and Caborca. The violence continues until several
Akimel O’odham leaders, fearing further Spanish
reprisals, surrender the uprising’s instigators. The
brief rebellion deepens the Akimel O’odham dis-
trust and hatred of the Spanish, which 56 years later
will result in a second Akimel O’odham revolt (see
entry for 1751).

1696

June 4

Pueblo Indians revolt against Spanish rule.
Resentment over the Spanish reconquest of Pueblo
lands after Popé’s revolt (see entries for AUGUST 10–
12, 1680, and for 1692) erupts in a second Pueblo
rebellion. The Pueblo Indians of Picuris, Taos, and

Jemez kill five missionaries and 21 soldiers. The

rebels, however, fail to take over the Spanish capital

of Santa Fe. Attacking several pueblos and destroy-

ing the inhabitants’ food stores, the Spanish are able

to quell the uprising in a few months’ time.

1697

King William’s War ends inconclusively.

The Treaty of Ryswick ends King William’s War

(see entry for 1689). The war, fought between the

English and the French, does little to resolve the

growing tension between these European powers

in North America. The Indian allies of both sides

were drawn into the conflict, but it has the greatest

effect on the Iroquois. The French and pro-French

Indian groups battled the pro-English relentlessly

in an effort to stop their interference in the French

fur trade. During the fighting, about 500 Iroquois

warriors were killed, while their overall population

“You stet us on daily to fight

& destroy your Enemies, & bid

us geo on with Courage, but

we See not that you doe any-

thing to it yourselves, neither

doe wee See any great Strength

you have to oppose them if

the Enemy should break out

upon you;... The war must

also be hotly Pursued on your

Sides.... England and the Rest of

the English that are in Covenant

with us doe, they all Stay at home

& Set us on to doe the work.”

—an Iroquois orator, complaining

in 1692 of the English insistence

that the Iroquois fight the French