INDEX I-19
United Provinces of the Río de La Plata,
167, 206–208
United States: Philippine revolt against,
5; power in Spanish America and
Brazil, 6; Spanish colonial trade
with, 138; Mexican War and, 200;
Mexico and, 204, 246, 250; British
rivalry with, 216–217; abolition
of slavery in, 225; Cuba and, 233,
234; neocolonialism and, 244; Chile
and, 260; Nicaragua and, 267;
Venezuela and, 269. See also Foreign
investment; Foreign loans; specific
Latin American countries
Universities: in Spain, 43; in Lima and
Mexico City, 106
Upper class: in Mexico, 252
Upper Peru, 143, 166; as Bolivia, 205;
independence of, 205; liberation of,
205–206.See also Bolivia; Potosí;
Silver
Urquiza, Justo José de, 186, 208
Ursúa, Pedro de, 74
Uruguay, 166–167; Brazilian invasion
of, 205, 209, 211; Britain and, 205;
independence of, 205; liberation of,
205; Brazil-Argentina war over, 207;
invasion of Paraguay and, 209, 211.
See also specific leaders
Utopia (More), 58, 101
Utopian ideals: clergy and, 101
Utopian socialism, 180
Utrecht, Treaty of, 135; English
merchants and, 137
Vacant land, 249
Vaccination, 136
Valdivia, Pedro de, 71
Valdivieso, Antonio de, 102
Valencia, Spain, 38
Valle y Caviedes, Juan del, 109
Valley of Mexico, 25 (illus.); early
civilizations in, 14–17; invasion by
Nahuatl-speaking peoples, 23; Tula
and, 23; Aztecs in, 23–29. See also
Mexico
Valorization program, 264
Valverde, Vicente de, 66
Van Young, Eric, 141, 173
Vaqueiros (cowboys), 127
Vatican.See Catholic Church
Vega, Garcilaso de la, 107, 119
Vega, Lope de, 51
Velázquez, Diego, 50, 50 (illus.), 51, 62,
63, 65
Velázquez Cárdenas y León, Joaquín, 148
Venegas, Francisco Javier de, 171
Venezuela, 96; chiefdoms in, 10; as
Welser family fief, 48; Vespucci in,
61; Aguirre in, 74–75; experimental
colony in, 78; encomienda in, 80;
free trade in, 138; as captaincy
general, 145; revolution and,
160–161; liberation movement and,
163; llaneros in, 164; liberation of,
165–166; Gran Colombia and, 235;
New Granada and, 235; union with
Colombia, 235; economy in, 237,
268–269; slavery in, 237–238;
church estates in, 245; government
of, 268–269; politics in, 268–269;
German and British intervention in,
269.See also Oil industry; specific
leaders
Venta, La, 14
Veracruz, 91; ancient sites in, 14;
Spanish in, 62, 63; invasion by
European powers, 203
Vertical economy, 32
Vértiz y Salcedo, Juan José de, 143
Vespucci, Amerigo, 58, 61
Vetancurt, Agustín de, 149
Vicens Vives, Jaime, 45
Viceroy, 96, 98; lifestyle of, 98; in Brazil,
129
Viceroyalties: of New Spain, 96; of Peru,
96, 137; in 16th century Spanish
America, 97 (illus.); of Buenos Aires,
143; of Rio de la Plata, 143; in Latin
America (1780), 144 (illus.)
Victoria, Guadalupe, 199
Vieira, Antônio, 125–126
Villages: chiefdom in, 9–10, 13; of Inca,
32–33; in haciendas, 118; Jesuit
settlement of native converts in, 125
Villas de señorio, 42
Violence: climate of, 5; in colonial cities,
117–118; in period 1820–1870, 191
Viracocha (god), 35
Virginity, importance of, 119
Virgin of Guadalupe, 149 (illus.), 149n,
150, 172
Virgin of Los Remedios, 150
Visigoths, 36
“Vision of the Vanquished, The,” 57
Visita (inspection), 79, 99
Voting: rights for women, 176;
requirements for, 195; in Chile, 213,
258
Voyages: Portuguese, 52–54; of
Columbus, 55–56; Spanish in
Caribbean, 59 (illus.); for waterway
to East, 61Wachtel, Nathan, 33, 103
Wage labor, 226–227; in Spanish
America, 81–82
Waldron, Kathy, 119Waldseemuller, Martin, 61
Walker, William, 218, 267
Waman Puma, Felipe de Ayala, 107–108
Ward, Henry, 199
Warfare: in chiefdoms, 10; change
from chiefdom to state and, 10–11;
in Postclassic period, 14; of Aztecs,
24–26; under Charles V, 47–48;
Aztecvs. Spanish, 69. See also specific
battles and wars
War of a Thousand Days (Colombia), 271
War of Granada, 43, 44, 46
War of the Comuneros (Nicaragua), 267
War of the Pacific, 231, 255–256, 257
(illus.), 258; Peru and, 231
War of the Spanish Succession, 135
Warrior band, 72
Warrior class, 10, 14
Warrior-nobles: Aztec, 23
Water, 27
Wealth: Aztec, 29; of conquistadors, 73;
of Cortés, 85; of monasteries, 104; of
conversos, 106; equality and, 119;
social mobility and, 150–151; under
Bourbon rule, 153; in Mexico, 203,
248–249; in Chile, 215–216
Weapons, 63, 69
Welser, German house of, 48
West Africa, Portugal and, 53
West India Company (Dutch), 126
West Indies, 69; Taino people of, 12;
cattle industry in, 88; English in,
92–93; Treaty of Madrid and, 93;
Dutch in, 126; commerce with, 138
Wheat, 87, 215
Wheelwright, William: steamship line in
Chile and, 214
Whites: as ruling class, 110; in Brazil,
131; in Venezuela, 269
White supremacy: in Guatemala, 266
Wilde, Eduardo, 252
Wisconsin glaciation, 8
Women: clothing of Aztec, 26; Aztec,
27; Inca, 33; emigration of Spanish,
73; in Guaraní society, 80; as
Spanish concubines, 80; native,
112; in black slave population, 116;
marriage, sexuality, and status of,
118–121; status of, in colonial era,
118–121; convent life for, 120–121;
Portuguese, in Brazil, 131; in Latin
American revolutions, 175–176;
status of, 188; feminist movements,
189
Workday, 246; in Spanish America,
142–143; in Brazil, 265
Workers: in tobacco industry, 142; in
Brazil, 265. See also Working class
Working class: in Chile, 260; in Brazil, 265