Public Speaking

292 Glossary

random audiences listeners who are initially doing
something else but are attracted by a message that
catches their attention
ranked questions asking for responses to be placed in an
order
rates of increase or decrease percentage that uses an
earlier baseline figure to compare growth or decline
ratio relationship shown by numbers, such as 1 in 10
reasoning by metaphor comparing two things that
are generally different but share a recognizable
similarity
rebuttal counterargument the audience might have
receiver apprehension (RA) anxiety that people
experience while listening to messages that make them
uncomfortable
redundancy repeating the same idea more than once, but
developing it differently each time
reference librarian librarian at the reference desk
who is specifically trained to help people find
information
relic or artifact culturally significant creation such as a
building, jewelry, or a tool
repetition saying the same thing more than once
request for elaboration question asking for more
information
resistance response to diversity in which you refuse to
change, and you defend your own positions or attack
others
re-sourcement creatively framing a divisive issue or
viewpoint in a different way that may be less threatening
reversibility of perspectives an attempt to think from
the other’s perspective as well as one’s own
rhetoric the study of persuasion in its various forms; this
helps develop critical thinking skills
rhetorical question question that listeners answer in their
minds
rhetorically sensitive the ability to adapt fairly
successfully to a variety of social situations
rhymes words that end in the same sound
rightsabilities phrase coined by Professor Vernon Jensen
to highlight the tension between our right to free speech
and our responsibility for our speech

S
salient relevant or significant
sans serif fonts a simple font with no cross lines on each
letter
scaled questions asking for responses along a continuum,
used to assess attitudes
schemas mental model that guides your perception,
interpretation, storage, and recollection of a speech
scholarly book book based on research that advances
knowledge in an academic field
script the written text containing every word of the speech
secondary source summary or interpretation of an event
or a person provided by a nonparticipant

self-selected listeners who choose to listen to a selected

subject or speaker

serif font a font with cross lines at the top and bottom of

letters

sex biological categories of male and female

sexist language language that privileges males and their

activities and interests

signpost connective such as first, most importantly, and

consequently that links ideas, lends emphasis, and helps

listeners keep their place in the speech

simile short comparison that uses the word like or as to

compare two items that are alike in one essential detail

sincere speakers presenting verbal and nonverbal messages

they themselves believe

six-by-six rule limit information to six lines, six words per

line

slippery slope a fallacy of causation; saying one small

thing will lead to larger things without offering proof

social category culturally constructed category such as

race or gender

solvency the proposed plan will actually solve the problem

source card card used to record bibliographic information

spatial pattern presents points by place or location

speaking notes the notes you use to deliver your speech

specialized encyclopedia text that summarizes

information in a specific subject area

specific purpose the cognitive, affective, or behavioral

response a speaker desires

speech–thought differential the difference between the

rate you think (about 500 words per minute) and the

average speaking rate (about 150 words per minute)

spinning selecting material that favors the speaker’s

interests and point of view

spiral pattern repetitive pattern with a series of points that

increase in drama or intensity

Standard English the English dialect most commonly

used in public speaking and in US institutions

star pattern presents relatively equally weighted speech

points within a thematic circle that binds them together;

order of points may vary

statement of reasons pattern pattern that lists reasons

and then explains each one

status quo Latin phrase that means “the existing state of

affairs”

stereotyping place someone in a category and then

assume the person fits the characteristics of that

category

stock issues the questions a reasonable person would

need to have answered before forming a reasoned

decision about a topic

stress accenting syllables or words

structural elements a speech’s introduction, body, and

conclusion

style in rhetoric, style refers to language

subject librarian librarian who also has an advanced

degree in a particular subject such as law or medicine

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