Aids to Audience Decision Making 1832 Krajewski, L. A. ( 1979). Effectiveness of the inductive and the deductive organizational plans in a special
request letter (Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International ,
40 (08A), 4368.
3 Wakefield, D. S. (1961). A test to determine the relative effectiveness of different styles, colors, and return
order solicitation methods in sales letters (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Tennessee, 1961). Dis-
sertation Abstracts International , 22 (10), 3453.
4 Hill, K., & Monk, A. F. (2000). Electronic mail versus printed text: The effects on recipients. Interacting
with Computers , 13 (2) 253–263.
5 Becker, C. A., & Killion, T. H. (1977). Interaction of visual and cognitive effects in word recognition.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 3 (3), 389–401.
Stanners, R. F., Jastrzembski, J. E., & Westbrook, A. (1975). Frequency and visual quality in a word-
nonword classification task. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior , 14 (3), 259–264.
6 Kim, J. Y., Min, S. N., Subramaniyam, M., & Cho, Y. J. (2014). Legibility difference between e-books and
paper books by using an eye tracker. Ergonomics , 57 (7), 1102–1108.
7 Shieh, K. K., & Lai, Y. K. (2008). Effects of ambient illumination, luminance contrast, and stimulus type
on subjective preference of VDT target and background color combinations. Perceptual and Motor Skills ,
107 (2), 336–352.
8 Wheildon, C. (1995). Type and layout. Berkeley, CA: Strathmoor Press.
9 Rehe, R. F. (1974). Typography: How to make it legible. Carmel, IN: Design Research International.
10 Holmes, G. (1931). The relative legibility of black and white print. Journal of Applied Psychology , 15 (3), 248–251.
Taylor, C. D. (1934). The relative legibility of black and white print. Journal of Educational Psychology ,
25 (8), 561–578.
11 Poulton, E. C. (1955). Letter differentiation and rate of comprehension of reading. Journal of Applied
Psychology , 49 , 358–362.
12 Tinker, M. A. (1965). Bases for effective reading. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
13 Davenport, J. S., & Smith, S. A. (1963). Effects of hyphenation, justified, and type size on readability.
Journalism Quarterly , 42 , 382–388.
14 Hartley, J. (1978). Designing instructional text. New York: Nichols Publishing Company.
15 Poulton, E. C. (1967). Skimming (scanning) news items printed in 8-point and 9-point letters. Ergonom-
ics , 10 (6), 713–716.
16 Legge, G. E., & Bigelow, C. A. (2011). Does print size matter for reading? A review of findings from vision
science and typography. Journal of Vision , 11 (5), 1–22.
17 Coles, P., & Foster, J. J. (1975). Typographic cuing as an aid to learning from typewritten text. Programmed
Learning and Educational Technology , 12 , 102–108.
Rickards, E. C., & August, G. J. (1975). Generative underlining strategies in prose recall. Journal of Educa-
tional Psychology , 67 (6), 860–865.
See n12, Tinker (1965).
18 Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1987). The psychology of reading and language comprehension. Boston: Allyn
and Bacon.
See n17, Rickards & August (1975).
Salcedo, R. N., Reed, H., Evans, J. F., & Kong, A. C. (1972). A broader look at legibility. Journalism Quar-
terly , 49 , 285–289.
Although see White, S. J., & Liversedge, S. P. (2006). Linguistic and nonlinguistic influences on the eyes’
landing positions during reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 59 (4), 760–782.
19 See n12, Tinker (1965).
20 Breland, K., & Breland, M. K. (1944). Legibility of newspaper headlines printed in capitals and in lower
case. Journal of Applied Psychology , 28 (2), 117–120.
Foster, J. J., & Bruce, M. (1982). Reading upper and lower case on Viewdata. Applied Ergonomics , 13 (2),
145–149.
21 Tinker, M. A., & Paterson, D. G. (1928). Influence of type form on speed of reading. Journal Of Applied
Psychology , 12 (4), 359-368.
22 See n12, Tinker (1965).
23 Tinker, M. A., & Paterson, D. G. (1942). Reader preferences and typography. Journal of Applied Psychology ,
26 (1), 38–40.
24 Hartley, J., & Rooum, D. (1983). Sir Cyril Burt and typography: A re-evaluation. British Journal of Psy-
chology , 74 (2), 203–212.
Tinker, M. A. (1963). Legibility of print. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.