456 Notes
- Judy C. Pearson, Lori DeWitt, Jeffery T. Child, David
H. Kahl, and Vijay Dandamudi, “Facing the Fear: An
Analysis of Speech-Anxiety Content in Public-Speaking
Textbooks,” Communication Research Reports 24 (2007):
159–68: G. D. Bodie, “A Racing Heart, Rattling Knees, and
Ruminative Thoughts: Defining and Explaining Public
Speaking Anxiety,” Communication Education 59 (2010):
70–105. - Michael J. Beatty, James C. McCroskey, and A. D.
Heisel, “Communication Apprehension as Tempera-
mental Expression: A Communibiological Paradigm,”
Communication Monographs 65 (1998): 197–219; Michael
J. Beatty and Kristin Marie Valencic, “Context-Based
Apprehension Versus Planning Demands: A Communibio-
logical Analysis of Anticipatory Public Speaking Anxiety,”
Communication Education 49 (January 2000): 58–71. - Kay B. Harris, Chris R. Sawyer, and Ralph R. Behnke,
“Predicting Speech State Anxiety from Trait Anxiety,
Reactivity, and Situational Influences,” Communication
Quarterly 54 (2006): 213–26. - Kay B. Harris, Chris R. Sawyer, and Ralph R. Behnke,
“Predicting Speech State Anxiety from Trait Anxiety,
Reactivity, and Situational Influences,” Communication
Quarterly 54 (May 2006): 213–26. - Kelly and Keaten, “Treating Communication Anxiety.”
- Maili Porhola, “Orientation Styles in a Public-Speaking
Context,” paper presented at the National Commu-
nication Association convention, Seattle, Washington
(November 2000); Ralph R. Behnke and Michael J. Beatty,
“A Cognitive-Physiological Model of Speech Anxiety,”
Communication Monographs 48 (1981): 158–63. - Shannon C. McCullough, Shelly G. Russell, Ralph R.
Behnke, Chris R. Sawyer, and Paul L. Witt, “Anticipatory
Public Speaking Anxiety as a Function of Body Sensations
and State of Mind,” Communication Quarterly 54 (April
2004): 164–73. - Ralph R. Behnke and Chris R. Sawyer, “Public Speak-
ing Anxiety as a Function of Sensitization and Habitua-
tion Processes,” Communication Research Reports 53 (April
2004): 164–73. - Ralph R. Behnke and Chris R. Sawyer, “Public Speaking
Anxiety as a Function of Public Speaking Assignment
Type,” Communication Education 55 (2006): 167–77. - Maili Porhola, “Arousal Styles During Public Speaking,”
Communication Education 51 (October 2002): 420–38. - Kelly and Keaten, “Treating Communication Anxiety.”
- Research suggests that because public-speaking anxiety
is complex (both a trait and a state), with multiple and
idiosyncratic causes, using a combination of intervention
strategies may be best in attempting to manage communi-
cation apprehension. See Bodie, “A Racing Heart, Rattling
Knees, and Ruminative Thoughts.” - Desiree C. Duff, Timothy R. Levine, Michael J. Beatty,
Jessica Woolbright, and Hee Sun Park, “Testing Public
Anxiety Treatments Against a Credible Placebo Control,”
Communication Education 56 (January 2007): 72–88. - Peter D. MacIntyre and J. Renee MacDonald, “Public-
Speaking Anxiety: Perceived Competence and Audi-
ence Congeniality,” Communication Education 47 (October
1998): 359–65.
27. Ralph R. Behnke and Chris R. Sawyer, “Public-Speaking
Procrastination as a Correlate of Public-Speaking Communi-
cation Apprehension and Self-Perceived Public-Speaking
Competence,” Communication Research Reports 16 (1999):
40–47.
28. Quoted by Petula Dvorak, “Channeling the Grief,” Austin
American-Statesman (October 14, 2009): A9.
29. Dvorak, “Channeling the Grief.”
30. Joe Ayres, Terry Schliesman, and Debbie Ayres Sonandre,
“Practice Makes Perfect but Does It Help Reduce Com-
munication Apprehension?” Communication Research
Reports 15 (Spring 1998): 170–79.
31. Melanie Booth-Butterfield, “Stifle or Stimulate? The
Effects of Communication Task Structure on Apprehen-
sive and Non-Apprehensive Students,” Communication
Education 35 (October 1986): 337–48.
32. Joe Ayres and Tanichya K. Wongprasert, “Measuring the
Impact of Visualization on Mental Imagery: Compar-
ing Prepared versus Original Drawings,” Communication
Research Reports 28 (Winter 2003): 45–53.
33. Joe Ayres and Theodore S. Hopf, “Visualization: A Means
of Reducing Speech Anxiety,” Communication Educa-
tion 34 (October 1985): 318–23. Although researchers
have found evidence that visualization is helpful, some
question whether visualization techniques work better
than just gaining experience in public speaking. Critics
of systematic desensitization argue that there may be a
placebo effect: Just thinking that a treatment will reduce
apprehension may contribute to reduced apprehension.
See Duff, Levine, Beatty, Woolbright, and Park, “Testing
Public Anxiety Treatments Against a Credible Placebo
Control.”
34. Ayres and Wongprasert, “Measuring the Impact of Visu-
alization on Mental Imagery.”
35. Joe Ayres and Debbie M. Ayres Sonandre, “Performance
Visualization: Does the Nature of the Speech Model Matter?”
Communication Research Reports 20 (Summer 2003): 260–68.
36. Ayres and Wongprasert, “Measuring the Impact of Visu-
alization on Mental Imagery.”
37. Duff, Levine, Beatty, Woolbright, and Park, “Testing Public
Anxiety Treatments Against a Credible Placebo Control.”
38. Joe Ayres and Brian L. Heuett, “An Examination of the
Impact of Performance Visualization,” Communication
Research Reports 16 (1999): 29–39.
39. Penny Addison, Ele Clay, Shuang Xie, Chris R. Sawyer,
and Ralph R. Behnke, “Worry as a Function of Public
Speaking State Anxiety Type,” Communication Reports 16
(Summer 2003): 125–31.
40. Chad Edwards and Suzanne Walker, “Using Public
Speaking Learning Communities to Reduce Commu-
nication Apprehension,” Texas Speech Communication
Journal 32 (2007): 65–71; also see Chia-Fang (Sandy) Hsu,
“The Relationship of Trait Anxiety, Audience Nonverbal
Feedback, and Attributions to Public Speaking State
Anxiety,” Communication Research Reports 26, 3 (August
2009): 237–46.
41. Diane Honour, “Speech Performance Anxiety for Non-
Native Speakers,” The Florida Communication Journal 36
(2007): 57–66.
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