466 Notes
- William L. Benoit and I. A. Kennedy, “On Reluctant
Testimony,” Communication Quarterly 47 (1999): 376–87.
Although this study raises questions about whether reluc-
tant testimony is persuasive, reluctant testimony as well
as neutral testimony is better than testimony perceived to
be obviously biased. - E. J. Baesler, “Persuasive Effects of Story and Statistical
Evidence,” Argumentation and Advocacy 33 (1997): 170–75. - Myron W. Lustig and Jolene Koester, Intellectual Compe-
tence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures (Boston:
Allyn & Bacon, 2009). - K. Ah Yun and L. L. Massi, “The Differential Impact of Race
in the Effectiveness of Narrative versus Statistical Appeals
to Persuade Individuals to Sign an Organ Donor Card,”
paper presented at the meeting of the Western States
Communications Association, Sacramento, CA; cited by
Massi-Lindsey and Ah Yun, “Examining the Persuasive
Effect of Statistical Messages.” - Lustig and Koester, Intercultural Competence, 241.
- Jamie Frater, “Top 10 Great Historic Speeches,” http://
listverse.com/2008/06/01/top-10-great-historic-speeches/
accessed June 14, 2013. - Albert Mehrabian and J. A. Russell, An Approach to
Environmental Psychology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974);
T. Biggers and B. Pryor, “Attitude Change as a Function
of Emotion-Eliciting Qualities,” Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin 8 (1982): 94–99; Steven A. Beebe and T.
Biggers, “Emotion-Eliciting Qualities of Speech Delivery
and Their Effect on Credibility and Comprehension,”
paper presented at the annual meeting of the International
Communication Association, New Orleans, May 1989. - Donald Dean Morely and Kim B. Walker, “The Role of
Importance, Novelty, and Plausibility in Producing Belief
Change,” Communication Monographs 54 (1987): 436–42;
also see Chip Heath and Dan Heath, Made to Stick: Why
Some Ideas Survive and Others Die (New York: Random
House, 2007) 63–97. - John W. Bowers and Michael M. Osborn, “Attitudinal
Effects of Selected Types of Concluding Metaphors in
Persuasive Speeches,” Speech Monographs 33 (1966):
147–55; James C. McCroskey and W. H. Combs, “The
Effects of the Use of Analogy on Attitude Change and
Source Credibility,” Journal of Communication 19 (1969):
333–39; N. L. Reinsch, “An Investigation of the Effects of
the Metaphor and Simile in Persuasive Discourse,” Speech
Monographs 38 (1971): 142–45. - Pradeep Sopory and James Price Dillard, “The Persuasive
Effects of Metaphor: A Meta-Analysis,” Human Communi-
cation Research 28 (July 2002): 382–419. - See Irving Janis and S. Feshback, “Effects of Fear-Arousing
Communication,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
48 (1953): 78–92; Fredric A. Powell, “The Effects of Anxiety-
Arousing Message When Related to Personal, Familial, and
Impersonal Referents,” Speech Monographs 32 (1965): 102–6. - Donald C. Bryant, “Rhetoric: Its Functions and Its Scope,”
Quarterly Journal of Speech 39 (December 1953): 26. - William L. Benoit, “Forewarning and Persuasion,” in Mike
Allen and Raymond W. Preiss, eds., Persuasion: Advances
Through Meta-Analysis (Cresskill: Hampton Press, 1998)
139–54.
30. Karmen Kirtley, “Grave Matter: The High Cost of Living,”
Winning Orations 1997 (Mankato, MN: Interstate Oratorical
Association, 1997).
31. Benoit, “Forewarning and Persuasion.”
32. Mike Allen, “Comparing the Persuasive Effectiveness
of One- and Two-Sided Messages,” in Mike Allen and
Raymond W. Preiss, eds., Persuasion: Advances Through
Meta-Analysis (Cresskill: Hampton Press, 1998) 87–98.
33. Katherine E. Rowan, “A New Pedagogy for Explanatory
Public Speaking: Why Arrangement Should Not Substitute
for Invention,” Communication Education 44 (1995): 236–50.
34. Carl I. Hovland, Arthur A. Lunsdaine, and Fred D.
Sheffield, “The Effects of Presenting ‘One Side’ versus
‘Both Sides’ in Changing Opinions on a Controversial
Subject,” in Experiments on Mass Communication (Princeton:
Princeton University, 1949). Also see Arthur Lunsdaine
and Irving Janis, “Resistance to ‘Counter-Propaganda’
Produced by a One-Sided versus a Two-Sided ‘Propaganda’
Presentation,” Public Opinion Quarterly (1953): 311–18.
35. N. Miller and Donald T. Campbell, “Recency and Primacy
in Persuasion as a Function of the Timing of Speeches and
Measurements,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
59 (1959): 1–9; Adrian Furnham, “The Robustness of the
Recency Effect: Studies Using Legal Evidence,” Journal
of General Psychology 113 (1986): 351–57; R. Rosnow,
“Whatever Happened to the ‘Law of Primacy’?” Journal of
Communication 16 (1966): 10–31.
36. Robert B. Ricco, “Analyzing the Roles of Challenge and
Defense in Argumentation,” Argumentation and Advocacy
39 (Summer 2002): 1–22.
37. Colter Ray, “You Are What You Eat: Why You Should Eat
Grass-Fed Organic Beef,” Texas State University student
speech, 2013.
38. Douglas Ehninger, Bruce E. Gronbeck, Ray E. McKerrow,
and Alan H. Monroe, Principles and Types of Speech
Communication (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1986) 15.
Chapter 18 Speaking for Special Occasions and
Purposes - Robert Watts and Michael Sheridan, “Blair Is World’s Best
Paid Speaker,” London Times 5 April 2009.
2. Jason Buckland, “Highest-Paid Public Speakers,” Canada
msnmoney 20 October 2011.
3. “10 Highest-Paid Public Speakers in the World,”
http://www.onlineuniversities.com 27 April 2010.
4. “10 Highest-Paid Public Speakers in the World.”
5. “Clinton’s Speaking Fees Nearly Total $40 Million,”
Huffington Post 23 February 2007. 27 June 2007.
6. Leslie Wayne, “In World Where Talk Doesn’t Come Cheap,
Former Officials Are Finding Lucrative Careers,” New York
Times 10 March 2004: A14.
7. Roger E. Flax, “A Manner of Speaking,” Ambassador (May–
June 1991): 37.
8. Slainte! Toasts, Blessings, and Sayings. March 1998.
9. Sarah Husberg, “A Wedding Toast,” in Tasha Van Horn,
Lori Charron, and Michael Charron, eds., Allyn & Bacon
Video II User’s Guide, 2002.
10. Jeff Brooks, Wedding Toasts. March 1998. 29 June 1998.
11. Everett M. Dirksen, “Nominating Speech for Barry
Goldwater” (July 15, 1964), in James R. Andrews and
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