Index
A
ABA/Inform Global database, 158
Abstraction, ladder of, 238–239
Academic Search Complete database, 158
Acceptance speeches, 423–424
Accommodation, 57
Accomplishment, focusing on, 25
Action
appeals to, in conclusion, 230–231, 232
communication as, 5–6
in motivated sequence, 230, 407–408
Active listening, 79
Ad hominem approach, 387
Adapting to audience
audience analysis and, 103–104
diversity and, 111–114
language style and, 242–244
Adult learning, principles and techniques of,
325–326
African American Vernacular English (AAVE), 242
After this, therefore because of this fallacy (causal
fallacy), 386, 405
After-dinner speeches, 427–431
Age, in audience analysis, 105–106
Alliteration, 248, 250
American Civil Liberties Union, 52
Analogies
to clarify unfamiliar ideas, 326
reasoning by, 377–378
as supporting material, 169–170
Analysis, 437–438. See also Audience analysis
Analytical listeners, 79
Andragogy, 325–326
Anecdotes, 217–218
Animals, as presentation aids, 309
Antithesis, 248, 250
Anxiety. See Nervousness
APA (American Psychological Association) style,
60–61, 203
Appeals
to action, 230–231, 232
emotional, 389–394
fear, 358–360
to misplaced authority, 388
Apprehension. See Nervousness
Aristotle, 95, 289
on credibility, 51, 373
on delivery, 254on ethics, 80
on persuasion, 85, 348–349, 350
Armijo, Angelitta, 453–454
Arousal, emotional responses and, 389–390
Arrangement, 10
Articulation, 270
Attending to sounds, 67
Attention
getting, 213–214, 292
maintaining, 292, 328–332
in motivated sequence, 405–406
presentation aids and, 292
timing use of visuals to control, 310
Attitudes
in audience analysis, 115–117
changing or reinforcing, 345
definition of, 345
Audience, 31–32
adapting to. See Adapting to audience
analyzing. See Audience analysis
attention of. See Attention
attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors of,
changing or reinforcing, 345–347
captive vs. voluntary, 116
customizing message to, 123–124
diversity of. See Audience diversity
expectations of, for delivery, 255–256
giving a reason to listen, 214
interest of, strategies to maintain, 328–332
knowing, 21
misconceptions of, correcting, 398
motivating to listen, 329
motivating to respond, 230–231
neutral, persuading, 396
persuasive speeches and, 360–362
positive, 25
recall of, strategies to enhance, 333–335
receptive, persuading, 394–395
size of, 118
strategies to enhance recall of, 333–335
strategies to maintain attention of, 328–332
target, focusing on, 112–113
topic selection and, 133–135
unreceptive, persuading, 396–397
Audience adaptation, 103–104
Audience analysis, 32, 95–129
adaptations based on, 103–104
after speaking, 125–127480Z06_BEEB3981_05_SE_INDX_480-492.indd 480 11/19/14 4:21 PM