Index 955
physical properties, 291–295
brightness, 292
color and taxonomy, 292
configuration, 292–293
mass, 294
mineralogy, 294–295
rotation rates, 293
size, 293–294
population
search programs and techniques,
290
size, 290–291
shape, triaxial ellipsoid, 292
significance
early solar system remnants, 284
exploration destinations/resource
potential, 286
hazard assessment, 284–286
small semimajor axes, 286
Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
(NIMS)
Ganymede/Callisto observations,
450
Io observations, 423
near-infrared sounding, Venus
atmosphere, 142
Near-ShoemakerNASA spacecraft, 884
nearly-isotropic comets, 581
NEAs.Seenear-Earth asteroids
nebula
to meteorite, 254
solar, Mars formation, 318
nebula gases, beyond Main Asteroid
Belt, 284
neck-line structure, comets, 568
Nelson, R., 421
Neptune
atmosphere, observations, 668–669
Earth-based ultraviolet broadband
measurements, 668
emissions
radio, 716–717
thermal, 703
ice giant planet, 49, 384
magnetosphere, 225
19th century studies, 63–64
origins, 605
physical properties, 384
ring system
Adams ring, 509
Le Verrier ring, 509
major components, 505
structure, 508–509
satellites, 370, 381–382
stratosphere
hydrogen cyanide, 388
photochemical species, 389
temperature, 384
20th century, pre-space age studies, 69
Nereid satellite, Neptune, 381
Nesvorny, David, 687
Neugebauer, M., 100
neutrinos
acoustic oscillations (p-modes), 74
gallium detectors
GALLEX (Italy), 74
SAGE (Russia), 74
muonic (νμ), 74
“personality disorder,” 74
of Sun, 74–76
tauonic (νt), 74
velocity oscillations measurements, 75
neutron spectroscopy, 765
neutrons
counting rates, MacMurdo Station, 768
detection, 771–775
counting rates, 766, 768, 771–772,
785
scintillators, 773
semiconductor radiation detectors,
771–773
energy ranges, Mars, 783
energy transfer, 766–767
moderation fundamentals, 766–767,
769–770
elastic scattering, 767, 770
nonelastic reactions, 767
radioactive capture, 767
origins, 766–771
production, 767
New Horizons spacecraft, Pluto-Charon
system flyby, 619
Newton, Hubert, 64, 65
Newton, Isaac
laws of motion/gravitation, 789
parabolic orbit of comets, 560
solar system studies, 17th century,
57–59
NIMS.SeeNear-Infrared Mapping
Spectrometer
9p/Tempel comet, 286
1998 DK36 IEO, 283
nitric oxide
ozone levels, 223
Venus, night side, 663
nitrogen
chondrites, composition, 34, 35
Earth, atmosphere, 173
Encke’s comet, 70
liquid, of Triton, 485–486, 489
Venus, atmosphere, 141
Noachian epoch, Mars, 304, 307, 310,
314
noble gases
in meteorites
components and mineral sites,
273–275
origins, 271–273nonauroral X-ray emissions, Earth,
640–641, 648
nonelastic reactions, of neutrons, 767
nonsynchronous rotation, Europa,
435
nonthermal radiation, 707–717
Earth, 710–711
low-frequency emissions
atmospheric lightning, 710
cyclotron maser emissions,
707–709
other types, 709–710
synchrotron radiation, 710
nuclear spectroscopy, 765–786
mission usage, 775
X-ray spectroscopy complementary to,
766
nucleosynthesis, solar system origins,
38–41
nucleus, of comets
Borrelly’s comet, images, 559
comet source, 557
composition, 561–562
diameter average, 559
Hale-Bopp comet, 568
Halley’s comet, images, 559
ortho-topara-hydrogen (OPR) ratio,
571
physics of, 561–565
rotation rates, 562–563
structure, 563
Whipple calculation model, 561
Wild 2 comet, images, 559
nuclides
cosmic ray-produced, 255
short-lived, decay, 39
solar system origin, 39Oberon satellite, Uranus, 366, 379–381
observatories
Arecibo Observatory, 739–740
Astronomical Observatory of Padua,
290
Berlin Observatory, 484
Chandra X-ray observatory, 637, 638,
641, 644, 645
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory,
640–641
ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric
Observatory, 874–875
European Southern Observatory, 731,
874–875
Infrared Space Observatory, 684
Las Campanas Observatory, Chile,
898
Lowell Observatory, 605
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, 74
XMM-Newton X-ray observatory, 637,
638