For an analysis of recent work in the area, see M.H. Crawford, 'Rome and Italy', in Journal of Roman
Studies 71 (1981), 153-60. Important books are E. T. Salmon, Roman Colonisation (London, 1969); The
Making of Roman Italy (London, 1983), despite its narrowly political focus; A. N. Sherwin-White, The
Roman Citizenship, 2nd. edn. (Oxford, 1973); E. Badian, Foreign Clientelae (Oxford, 1958); P. A.
Brunt, Italian Manpower (Oxford, 1971); E. Gabba, Republican Rome, the Army and the Allies (Oxford,
1976); T. P. Wiseman, New Men in the Roman Senate (Oxford, 1971); E. T. Salmon, Samnium and the
Samnites (Cambridge, 1967).
For the Roman political system, see H. F. Jolowicz and B. Nicholas, Historical Introduction to Roman
Law (Cambridge, 1972); E. S. Staveley, Greek and Roman Voting and Elections (London, 1972).
For Roman religion, see the seminal article by J. A. North, 'Conservatism and change in Roman
religion', in Papers of the British School at Rome 44 (1976), 1-12; also J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz,
Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (Oxford, 1979).
On the working of Roman politics, see M. Gelzer, The Roman Nobility (Oxford, 1969); P. A. Brunt,
'Nobilitas and Novitas', in Journal of Roman Studies 72 (1982), 1-17; K. Hopkins, Death and Renewal
(Cambridge, 1983), ch. 2.
On Rome and the outside world, see K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (Cambridge, 1978), ch. 1; W.
V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327-70 B.C. (Oxford, 1979); J. A. North, 'The
Development of Roman Imperialism', in Journal of Roman Studies 71 (1981), 1-9; A. D. Momigliano,
Alien Wisdom (London, 1975); W. V. Harris (ed.), The Imperialism of the Roman Republic (Rome,
1984).
For the transformation of Italy in the age of revolution, see L. Keppie, Colonisation and Veteran
Settlement in Italy 47-14 B.C. (London, 1983).
- The Expansion Of Rome (By Elizabeth Rawson)
A translation of Polybius is most easily available in the Loeb edition; there is a Penguin volume of
selections, and F. W. Walbank's Polybius (California 1972) provides a good discussion of his work.
Books of Livy are also available in the Penguin Classics, and there are Loebs of his entire work and
those of the other authors mentioned. For Cicero see pp. 477 f.
The Cambridge Ancient History vol. viii (cf. also ix) gives a classic account, in the chapters by M.
Holleaux, of the older view of Roman expansion; it is soon to be replaced by a new edition. For a more
modern approach, see W. V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 372-70 B.C. (Oxford,
1979), with P. A. Brunt's chapter in Imperialism in the Ancient World, ed. P.D.A. Garnsey and C.R.
Whittaker, (Cambridge, 1978) and J. A. North, 'The Development of Roman Imperialism' in Journal of