A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

A-84 Index

rationalism, 798, 811

Ravachol, Jean, 795

Ravaillac, Francois, 143

Raynal, Guillaume, 329

reading, 35, 118, 119, 328, 495, 541,717,

773-74

Reading Lesson, The (Millet), 542

Reagan, Ronald, 1195

realism, 798-802

in literature, 798—802

in painting, 82-83, 799-800, 802

socialist, 1027, 1139—40

Realpolitik, 663

Rebecca riots (1839-1844), 548

Red Brigades (Italy), 1233

Red Flag Act (Great Britain), 754

Red Guards, 939, 942, 945, 948

Redistribution Act (Great Britain; 1885), 696

Reed, John, 943

Reflections on the Revolution in France

(Burke), 458

Reflections on Violence (Sorel), 795

Reform Act (Great Britain; 1832), 562, 577,

607, 696, 704

Reform Act (Great Britain; 1867), 695-96,

698

Reform Act (Great Britain; 1884), 696

Reformation, 1, 43, 79, 80-125, 173, 196

Calvin’s role in, 107-11

in England, 111-14, 180-86, 206

in France, 107, 110, 126, 129-30,

131-37, 138

in German states, 80-81, 92-103, 124

and lay education, 119

legacy of, 124-25

Luther’s role in, 92-103

martyrs of, 100

in Netherlands, 81, 111, 124

peasant revolts in, 95, 97-98, 97

print culture and, 118-19

process of, 96-97

radical reformers in, 103-6, 105

rituals and festivals and, 119-21

roots of, 85—97

in Scandinavia, 81, 100, 124

in Scotland, 185

spread of, 98-103

in Switzerland, 103-11

urban centers of, 95-96

wars stemming from, 81

women’s role in, 121—22

Zwingli and, 103-6

see also Catholic Reformation; wars of

religion

Reform Bill (Great Britain; 1832), 608-9

Reform League (Great Britain), 695

reform movements:

in Great Britain, 695-98, 701

mass politics and, 782, 783, 784—98

in Russia, 705-8, 717-18, 927-28

in Second Empire France, 728-31

see also liberal movements; voting rights

reform socialists, 719, 789

refugees:

Palestinian, 1164

after World War II, 1115-17, 1122

Reichsbank, 1052

Reichstag, 91, 262

Reichstag fire (1933), 1022, 1023

Reinsurance Treaty (1887), 870

relativity, 758

religion:

conservative ideology and, 578-79

decline of, 773, 776-78

disestablishment and, 693, 699

in eighteenth century, 354-55, 354

Enlightenment and, 285, 313, 316,

319-20, 325-27

in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 1, 4,

16-18

in Italian Renaissance, 57-59, 68-70

in nineteenth century, 543-44, 544

painting and, 68—70

science in conflict with, 287, 288, 291,

294-95, 296-98, 306, 308-10

see also Reformation; wars of religion;

specific churches

religious freedom, 97, 146, 197, 210, 424

in Austria, 678

in Bohemia, 147

in England, 220, 224, 228, 230

in Enlightenment, 337-40

in France, 133, 134, 138, 228, 447, 448,

452,485,496, 511, 593-94

in German states, 146, 152, 631

in Great Britain, 526, 607-8

in Netherlands, 235—37, 241

in North America, 414

in Ottoman Empire, 690

in Russia, 359

religious toleration, see religious freedom

Remarque, Erich Maria, 992, 1005

Rembrandt van Rijn, 238

Renaissance:

Italian, see Italian Renaissance

Northern, 82-84

Renan, Ernest, 801-2

Renault, Louis, 753

Renoir, Auguste, 768, 802

repartimiento, 41